Gap Between Rich And Poor Essay Research free essay sample

Hole Between Rich And Poor Essay, Research Paper America the lovely, Who are you excellent for? America, the place that is known for possibility, yet is it genuinely? America is comprised of individuals of a wide range of social and cultural foundations. The essential law of the individuals peruses that as Americans, these individuals are qualified forever, self-sufficiency and the pursuit of felicity. These rights were structured in segment to accomplish a feeling of equity inside the individual so a feeling of uprightness would be. Due to the developments inside society that impact an individual s character, for example, the instructive, corporate and administrative developments there are numerous distinctions in the cultural, monetary, and political sense among the people. There is a decision bunch who are progressively instructed that originated from the more regarded and prosperous foundations rather than the individuals who originate from the working in the middle of class and hapless degrees. The odds are very different because of the impacts of these foundations and the financial degrees that children are naturally introduced to. We will compose a custom paper test on Hole Between Rich And Poor Essay Research or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that the financial assets are plentiful, than progress is simpler to accomplish. By taking a gander at the sole nines that the well off have a place with and the distinctions in the instructive foundations that children join in, it is clear that the single Born into a prosperous family unit is more arranged to achieve accomplishment than one who is raised in a hands on class family unit. One of the main keys to progress is to set up networks and associations on the side of the corporate network. These networks structure a cultural cognizance which depends on two kinds of connections found in a position web: basic position in explicit cultural foundations and well disposed connections dependent on cultural communications inside those foundations. Social cognizance makes a gathering independence where individuals from the cultural gatherings are believed to be sole and of high position. The cultural holding can be viewed as one ground why the cultural rich are firm bounty to control the rest of society in spite of their Numberss. ( Domhoff, G. William, Who Rules America? p.72 ) Used as indexs of upper classification standing, the sole nines are utilized as a help to isolate the affluent from the average workers. The Bohemian Club is one of the most generally realized nines that takes into account the upper classification, corporate pioneers, well known people, and spec ialists functionaries. This retreat entwines the upper classification with the corporate network to make a vibe for cultural holding and unwinding. Another of import guide of these nines is to propagate the upper class from coevals to coevals. The hands on class does non participate in a similar kind of systems administration as the upper classification. In contrasting with the upper classification, there is non a solid relationship between the corporate network and the hands on classification. They do non hold the help or backing of the enterprises for retreats or nines preventing them from securing chances for equivalent advancement in the corporate network. Without rationality, future coevalss are left to make their singularities in their occupation topographic point. In the upper class the more youthful coevalss are acquainted with the corporate network through the nines giving them a pes in the entryway. Despite the fact that non all upper classification residents have a place with clubs, for example, the Bohemian nine, the mass are partnered with these nines as evident through the situation of corporate pioneers. Social nines are simply one outline of foundations that make chances for the upper classification while m aking a bigger spread between the rich and hapless. Instructive foundations other than make inconsistent possibilities for various classes. The majority of the upper classification kids are sent to tuition based schools and are therefore sent to get oning schools which become cultivate families that play a significant capacity in making a high society subculture on a lmost a national graduated table in America ( p.82 ) . The instructive arrangement of the upper classification underscores the structure of character. Live-in schools are useful cultural operators which humanist Erving Goffman calls whole foundations, protecting their individuals from the outside universe and providing them with a lot of modus operandis and customs that envelop a large portion of their waking hours ( p.83 ) . The understudies graduate encountering discrete and better over those outside of the upper classification network. One alumna expressed, At school, we were made to encounter somewhat preferred [ over others ] on account of our class. There is more help through parental and graduated class support, subsequently tuition based schools can offer a more extensive grouping of classifications with qualified teachers. Most government funded schools are kept at low consideration since there is non satisfactory help. In contrast to the tuition based schools, there are hardly any schools with family unit support in the financial and scholarly nations. The children have less assets, for example, books and registering machines, doing it all the more hard for both the teachers and the understudies. As a result of this the students get a hapless guidance which reflects in their hereafters. In Kozol s article, Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools, he explored state funded schools in New York and found that the majority of the schools were stuffed and the structures were essentially ruins. One of the teachers expressed, We are debilitated by scarceness. All together for the children to be spurred about securing, it is important to flexibly them with the correct devices in a comfortable obtaining condition. The schools in the hapless regions can't gracefully for their students in any of these w ays. One student depicted how she needed to scrub down after school to take the mortar from her hair. Kozol asked a main what he considered aided in doing a decent school. His answer was, The structure and teachers are part of it, of class. In any case, it isn T simply the structure and the teachers. Our childs originate from great family units and the regions are acceptable ( p.98 ) . The government funded schools situated in progressively flush networks are accounted for to be supported at a rate multiple times more noteworthy than the low-salary regions, orchestrating to the Post. The ground for the New York Board of Education non seting additional help into the low-pay domains is that they wear t accept the educators will stay at that place. Understudies who go to the state funded schools in the more flush networks get better tutoring fixing them for the occupation advertise. The students originating from low-salary family units do non have a similar level of chances because of a lack of help and assets in their instructive foundations. Through the cultural foundations of the upper classification each piece great as the instructive frameworks of both the upper and lower classifications, it is evident that there exists an imbalance in the classification development. More possibilities exist for the upper classification from the early mature ages of their youth taking up to the position of sole nines and through going to of non-public schools. The greater part of import factor of achievement is a decent guidance and most low-salary family units are prevented this in light of the fact that from claiming districting grounds. Other than holding a decent guidance, it is at one s bit of leeway to be a bit of a web or cultural nine which will back up them and steer them through their calling. These cultural nines exist predominantly among the more flush family units. So as to try and out the graduated tables of possibility, the instructive frameworks must be rethought with the goal that students get equivalent assets in a p rotected domain. Guardians should other than help with demoing their help in the instructive and persuasive sense. Bing naturally introduced to a specific cultural classification finds one s in the future in the event that they do non perceive that there are more possibilities out at that place other than that 1s that are generally clear.

Aung San Suu Kyi - Nobel Prize Lecture free essay sample

Question: Examine the complexity and think about the social insurance arrangement of two distinct nations? Answer: Introdcution The varieties present in the UK and US medicinal services framework are enormously relying on the money related quality and political culture of individual nation. The notoriety of human services conveyance framework and financing isn't just because of the overall need for medicinal services, yet additionally in light of various style of care conveyance frameworks and subsidizing far and wide. Medicinal services is considered as a well known theme for present and people in the future, in light of social and political culture. It is every now and again observed that entrance to medicinal services administrations is featured on news and other TV programs, political guarantees and social gathering conversations. This infers the individuals of the United States are coming closer to demanding better reach to social insurance administrations (McCarthy, 2014). A general misinterpretation is available among the American open that is the United Kingdom offers free medicinal services administr ations. When all is said in done talking, the national social insurance administrations offer consideration benefits basically dependent on the resident tax assessment. The Americans consider increased administrative contributions in the medicinal services set up; consequently, it is important to see how this can be cultivated and its impact on the social orders. As per Gass and Bezold (2013) data get to, administration quality and subsidizing costs are the primary segments of human services framework. The World Health Organization has expressed that every single individual ought to acquire care administrations with no conservative imperative. As indicated by the worldwide human services administration report, the UK makes the greatest spending in medicinal services and social consideration administrations. The UK makes the most extreme installment for nursing staffs, by giving work to practically 101nurses per 10,000people (Kumarasamy and Sanfilippo, 2015). The UK and the US have c lose social and authentic ties, yet with regards to human services, both these nations are significantly extraordinary. As they enormously contrast from one another, both the nations can gain from each other to develop better frameworks and strategies and hence create social insurance administration to their residents. This paper will look into between the UK social insurance framework and the US medicinal services framework. This paper will incorporate hierarchical examination, nature of individual framework and subsidizing (BBC News, 2015). The announcements will be upheld by appropriate proof promotion models. The point of this article is to distinguish the chances, focal points from relative qualities and address or maintain a strategic distance from constraints natural in singular framework. Body The UK medicinal services framework The Department of Health is supposed to be an administration body responsible for the National Health Service in England. The targets of The Department of Health include in general improvement and prosperity of the inhabitants of England (Hollnagel, Braithwaite and Wears, 2013). This is cultivated by supporting, managing and driving the National Health Service and the associations related with social consideration, to give great wellbeing administrations and to offer choices to the consideration customers and significance to citizens. The US human services framework The US human services administrations can be either private or either open. General medicinal services incorporated a job of the legislature or the general population. The legislature and open organizations offer social insurance in sickness avoidance, wellbeing advancement, detailing, transmittable infection checking and control of the natural elements, similar to: water and air quality and furthermore general wellbeing information examination. The UK subsidizing A NHS care purchaser when utilizes a NHS administration, similar to: intense consideration trust, PCT and so forth, they use so with no expense. Note that the subsystems of NHS and related suppliers get pay for dealing with the NHS patients and the pay isn't gotten straightforwardly from the patients during treatment. NHS pay is bolstered by general tax assessment. The NHS is comprised of government representatives, henceforth the supplier pay is for the most part as reward or pay and financing is rely upon contract between the NHS and the supplier (Head et al., 2014). It was evaluated that there was 8.3% of all out GDP consumption was utilized on social insurance and open use was 14.5% (Nhs.uk, 2015). This information spoke to that couple of events are available where open do make an installment toward buying human services administrations and items. Barely any NHS administrations are not free. The wellbeing office upholds level charges to NHS patients, for specific items, as optica l, dental and pharmaceutical administrations and items. The US subsidizing Numerous gatherings and elements are associated with supporting the US social insurance framework. Practically 44% of human services GDP is paid out by the general population or government reserves and henceforth, nearly, 56% of GDP related with social insurance is paid out by private gatherings. Current information shows that social insurance costs have reached nearly US $2.8 trillion in the year 2011 (Dorsey, 2010). Because of this expansion, it is essential for the US social insurance supervisors and US open to perceive how this consideration set up is supported to add to the explanation of this continually rising issue. As per Hussey et al. (2004) one of the most exceptional trademark highlights of the US social insurance industry is its dependence on organization affiliations that is when individual gathering works on the side of another (Hussey et al., 2004). For instance: a medical coverage organization functions as a go between for its part while managing out remunerations fo r wellbeing administrations. Outsider payers give repayment for medicinal services office, regardless of whether its a business gathering, an open arrangement or others. They pay for their individuals. The two offices that are liable for making up for the social insurance administrations offered by the US are the patients and associations. End In spite of the fact that the medicinal services related subsidizing in the UK is constrained by the legislature and financing in the US is constrained by open and private offices, both are just made attainable by open commitment. The essential contrasts are government inclusion level and deliberate commitment versus required tax assessment. The UK offers access to the human services administrations to all utilizing a similarly run social insurance conveyance framework to the United States, though, the US is confronting practical weight. Consequently, the US has altogether flopped in offering Americans with sensible social insurance administrations and guidance on the impact this has on the monetary framework. In this way, at last it tends to be suggested that the US human services framework is progressively successful. References BBC News, (2015).NHS fulfillment 'risen altogether'. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/wellbeing 31018004 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Dorsey, E. (2010). Financing of US Biomedical Research, 2003-2008.JAMA, 303(2), p.137. Head, M., Fitchett, J., Holmes, A. furthermore, Atun, R. (2014). Subsidizing medicinal services related disease inquire about: a methodical examination of UK look into speculations, 19972010.Journal of Hospital Infection, 87(2), pp.84-91. Hollnagel, E., Braithwaite, J. also, Wears, R. (2013).Resilient medicinal services. Farnham, Surrey, UK England: Ashgate. Hussey, P., Anderson, G., Osborn, R., Feek, C., McLaughlin, V., Millar, J. also, Epstein, A. (2004). How Does The Quality Of Care Compare In Five Countries?.Health Affairs, 23(3), pp.89-99. Kumarasamy, M. also, Sanfilippo, F. (2015). Separating storehouses: drawing in understudies to help fix the US medicinal services system.Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, p.101. McCarthy, M. (2014). Wellbeing framework report positions UK first, US last.BMJ, 348(jun17 25), pp.g4080-g4080. Nhs.uk, (2015).What is NHS proceeding with human services? - Health questions - NHS Choices. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2392.aspx?CategoryID=68 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015].

How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System

How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Print How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System? Cocaine in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 27, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 Verywell / Gary Ferster More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects? How Long Does Cocaine Last? Factors That Affect Detection Time How to Get Cocaine Out of Your System Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top It is almost impossible to determine an exact timeframe that cocaine (also known as coke, crack, flake, rocks, and snow) will show up on a drug test. How long cocaine stays in the system depends on many variables, including a persons metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, and other factors. The various kinds of screening tests that can be usedâ€"blood, saliva, urine, or hair follicleâ€"also have different windows of time in which they can detect the drug. These can range from 24 hours to up to three months. Cocaine is a Schedule II controlled substance because of its high potential for abuse and severe psychological and physical dependence. It is available legally for use in certain medical and surgical settings, but not legal for prescription. Its recreational use is illegal in the United States. How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System? Blood: Up to 24 hoursHair: Up to 90 daysSaliva: Up to 2 daysUrine: Up to 3 days What to Know About Cocaine Use How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects? The method by which cocaine is administeredâ€"whether its smoked, injected, taken orally, or snortedâ€"can affect both the intensity and duration of the high. For example, snorting cocaine can produce a relatively slow onset of the high that may last from 15 to 30 minutes. Smoking cocaine, on the other hand, will result in more immediate effects that last five to 10 minutes. The cocaine high can make you feel really good, giving you feelings of pleasure, confidence, and energy beyond what you would normally experience. But this high is typically immediately followed by a crash that can cause anxiety and tension, depression, agitation, and exhaustion. Its this quick cycle that makes cocaine so addictive.   Immediately after cocaine use, you can expect the following physical effects to take place: Blood vessels constrictPupils dilateBody temperature risesBreathing gets fasterHeart rate and blood pressure increases You’ll also experience a euphoric high, which can last up to 30 minutes, and make you feel: HyperstimulatedInvincibleMentally alertMore talkativeAn increased sex driveA decreased need for sleep How Cocaine Affects Your Body How Long Does Cocaine Last? The half-life of cocaine is about one hour, which means it takes that long to eliminate half of the cocaine from the bloodstream. Cocaine itself is metabolized by enzymes in the liver and blood, and it happens so rapidly that it is not detectable in most screening tests. Those tests actually screen for benzoylecgonine, a metabolite of cocaine that is detectable in the body for a longer period of time than cocaine?.?? The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which cocaine can be picked up by various testing methods?.?? Blood Blood tests, which are typically done in a hospital setting, can detect cocaine in your blood for 12 hours after use and benzoylecgonine for 48 hours. Urine Urine drug screens for cocaine are very accurate in the detection of recent cocaine use because cross-reactivity between the screen and other non-cocaine substances is nearly nonexistent. As a result, it is the most common test used. A urine screening can detect cocaine metabolites for up to three days after use. In people who use cocaine heavily, however, detection times have even been reported for up to two weeks after use. Saliva A saliva test uses a special device to extract a sample of saliva from your mouth and deposit it directly into a tube. With these tests, cocaine metabolites can be detected for up to two days after use. Hair Cocaine metabolites can typically be detected in hair follicles for up to three months, however, the results may depend on where the hair sample is taken. Factors That Affect Detection Time It is very difficult to determine an exact detection window for  how long cocaine can stay in someones system. The length of time it remains in your body depends on many different factors, including body mass, metabolism, and hydration levels. Frequency and Potency The more cocaine you use per session, the longer the benzoylecgonine metabolite remains and can be detected, according to some studies.?? In addition to the volume and frequency, the purity level of the drug can also affect how quickly benzoylecgonine is eliminated from the body. Alcohol and Caffeine Consumption Alcohol can bind cocaine and impede its excretion.?? Similarly, caffeine can also impede the excretion of cocaine. Body Fat Benzoylecgonine can be stored in fatty tissue, so if you have higher levels of body fat, the drug can accumulate in that fatty tissue and stay in your system longer. Physical Activity Cocaine is excreted faster in people who are active and have a higher metabolic rate. Hydration If youre dehydrated, the drug may stay in your system longer. This is because water can speed up the excretion of cocaine metabolites.?? Snorting vs. Smoking vs. Injecting The method by which you take cocaineâ€"snorting, smoking, or injectingâ€"also influences detection time.  In general, the faster the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, the shorter the detection window. This means if you smoke or inject cocaine, it will leave the body faster than if you snort it. How to Get Cocaine Out of Your System Many websites claim that there are immediate ways to flush out your system after cocaine use, such as drinking lots of water, taking a detox pill, eliminating alcohol and caffeine, consuming fresh fruit high in antioxidants, and taking natural herbs. However, none of these claims have been substantiated under scientific conditions. The only reliable way to get cocaine out of your system is to stop use and allow your body time to metabolize and eliminate it. Symptoms of Overdose Using too much cocaine or taking a higher concentration of the drug can result in a condition known as cocaine intoxication, which can produce serious side effects and symptoms. Symptoms of cocaine intoxication can include?: Anxiety and agitationChest pain?? or pressureEnlarged pupilsFeeling of euphoriaIncreased heart rate?? and blood pressureSweatingTremors??ConfusionHyperactivity and muscle damage??Elevated body temperatureKidney damage??SeizuresStroke??Irregular heartbeatsSudden death With high doses of cocaine, psychosis?? and other signs of mental illness can occur. Some of these psychiatric systems can occur with any level of cocaine use. Overdoses can occur unexpectedly, even on the first use, and the risk of overdose can increase if cocaine is combined with other drugs or alcohol. Signs of overdose can include vomiting, tremors, and difficulty breathing. If you suspect someone has overdosed on cocaine, call 911 immediately. Getting Help If you are concerned about having too much cocaine in your system or testing positive for the drug, consider seeking help. For people who use cocaine regularly, a consistent and long-term solution is required,?? starting with naturally ridding the body of the substance (detoxing) and seeking counseling and medical therapy. If you use cocaine regularly, you may experience some withdrawal symptoms when you stop including mood changes, fatigue, sleep problems, and increased appetite. These symptoms can become more severe after heavy use. Obtaining treatment for mental health conditions such as depression is also highly recommended. Finally, joining a support group is more likely to decrease your chances of a relapse. Understanding Cocaine Addiction If youre unsure where to turn, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers an  anonymous online treatment locator, or you can call their National Helpline for a referral at 1-800-662-HELP (4357).

Are Cochlear Implants Threatening The Deaf Community

Are Cochlear Implants Threatening the Deaf Community? According to the Deaf Culture Centre, Deaf Culture is defined as the â€Å"heart of the Deaf community everywhere in the world. Language and culture are inseparable. They are intertwined and passed down through generations of Deaf people.† It is estimated that nearly 20 percent of Americans live with some form of hearing loss, yet deaf and hard of hearing society members remain oppressed by the mainstream culture (Callis). These people that identify with the deaf culture, use American Sign Language (ASL) to communicate. ASL is a combination of hand signs and facial expressions that are unique to the Deaf community. Deaf people view deafness as a blessing and a unique way to live life. They are very proud and prideful. In the Deaf culture, the decision of getting a cochlear implant has been controversial for many years. The National Institute on Deafness defines the cochlear implant as, â€Å"†¦ a small, complex elect ronic device that can help to provide a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard-of-hearing.† The cochlear implant was first introduced in 1979 and it is estimated that 324,000 implants have been implanted worldwide. The surgery is proven to work better when the child being implanted is young, preferably younger than five. It is ideal to implant a child before their language or speech has developed. The FDA has approved children as young as 12-months old to receive the cochlear implant. ToShow MoreRelatedEssay on Are Cochlear Implants a Threat to the Deaf Community? 1683 Words   |  7 Pagesdeafness, the invention of cochlear implants (CIs) now allows people who are severely hard of hearing or profoundly deaf to experience sound in a completely new way. This surgically implanted electronic device can provide a prosthetic substitute for hearing in deaf individuals. While everyone can agree this device has changed the way the world views deafness, o pinions differ on whether this change is for the better or for the worse. The argument over cochlear implants raises the question should

Evolution of Darwin and Christianity - 2002 Words

Evolution of Darwin and christianity Since time immemorial man has always questioned the origins of life and himself . The answer to that question as there are three alternatives , namely the creation , transformation , or evolutionary biology . The definition of biological evolution varies from studied biological aspects . Some definitions are common in biology books , among others : the evolution of living things is the changes experienced by living beings slowly over a long time and lowered , so that over time can form new species : evolution is the change in frequency genes in populations over time ; and adaptive evolution is the change in the character of the population from time to time . Evolution has been uniting all branches of†¦show more content†¦Opinion of some experts like Geoffroy ( 1829 ) , WC Wells ( 1813 ) , Grant ( 1826 ) , Freke ( 1851) , and Rafinisque ( 1836) . 1858 Darwin publishes On the Origin which contains two main theories are: 1 . Species living today are descended from other species that live in the past . 2 . Evolution occurs through natural selection . According to Darwin , the sole agent of the causes of evolution is natural selection . Natural selection is the process of preserving nature in favorable variations and ultimately Eliminating those that are injurious . In general , the responses of other experts on Darwins theory is : a. Challenged especially from religious groups , and which adopts the theory of creation ( Universal Creation ) . b . Got the defense of Darwinian among others , Joseph Hooker and Thomas Henry Huxley ( 1825-1895 ) . c . Criticism and enrichment of many experts , among others, Morgan ( 1915) , Fisher (1930 ) , Dobzhansky ( 1937) , Goldschmidt (1940 ) and Mayr (1942 ) . With the various developments in progress in the biological sciences , particularly genetics then subsequently enriched Darwin s Theory of Evolution . Natural selection no longer be the sole causative agent of evolution , but there are additional factors other causes , namely : mutation , gene flow , and genetic drift . Therefore the theory of evolution that we now called the Neo - Darwinian seirng or Modern Systhesis . In short , the process of evolution by natural selectionShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of The Creation Of Species1560 Words   |  7 PagesSeth Justus English 2 Mr. Johnson 2/16/15 Project Eagle Final Paper: Charles Darwin Charles Darwin has become Christianity’s greatest enemy with his theories of the creation of species and has caused people to turn their backs on faith and look to science to be their religion. The way in which Darwin describes the creation of species in The Origin of Species does not agree with how species are created in Christian teachings. Charles Darwin’s theories have impacted so many different aspectsRead MoreEssay on Creationism vs. Evolution: How did it really happen?1163 Words   |  5 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution: How did it really happen? Ever since 1859 and the publication of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin1, his first publication of his observations, much debate has come about concerning the issue of how life on earth came to be. Both the Creationists and Evolutionists believe in the Big Bang theory of creation of life; however, the mechanism for the development of new life provides the conflict. Evolutionists believe the cause of life on earth to be accidentalRead MoreThe evolution of apes was a possibility in the 19th century. Although religion had been cherished600 Words   |  3 PagesThe evolution of apes was a possibility in the 19th century. Although religion had been cherished for centuries, the doubts in people’s mines began to express many uncertainties about the bible and started to question their own beliefs. The issue of evolution was a huge concern in the 19th century as it was destroying the view of god and how he made the world; this caused many people to either change their views on life or their religion which had a huge part in resolving people’s beliefs in theirRead MorePaper 2 - the Rise of Fundamentalism1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe word fundamentalism is surrounded and associated with disturbing controversy in our contemporary society. Although the term fundamentalism has become a somewhat theological dirty word, in connection with the explosive theory of evolution, espoused by Charles Darwin; and in relation to the world famous Scopes trial, the essence and understanding of fundamental-ism reveals that God’s blessing and honor is intimately associated with the concepts of biblical fundamentalism. The modern day controversiesRead MoreThe Contribution of the Discoveries and Theories of Charles Darwin in the Nineteenth Century to the Decline of Religious Belief in the Twentieth Centu586 Words   |  3 Pagesof the Discoveries and Theories of Charles Darwin in the Nineteenth Century to the Decline of Religious Belief in the Twentieth Ce ntury In Victorian England, people wanted answers. Explanations for unusual natural events were becoming unbelievable in an increasingly educated time, and these religious and supernatural explanations were doubted by many. People needed a sensible explanation for life and mans existence. Charles Darwin provided a possible answer, and man was no Read MoreContradiction Between the Theory of Evolution and the Bible947 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Darwin was a British scientist who founded the theory of evolution and changed the way we think about the natural world. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 and lived during the Industrial Revolution. As a child, Darwin initially planned to become a doctor, but his plan terminated when he joined the five year expedition on the survey ship, the HMS Beagle, in 1831. In the expedition, Darwin developed a theory and published a book call The Origin of Species. This book was the beginning ofRead MoreWhat Would Darwin Say?872 Words   |  4 Pages What Would Darwin Say? Religion and Evolution Katrina Venta ANT 111 Professor Emerson February 12, 2017 Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind.† —Albert Einstein For centuries, science and religion have been rendered rather incompatible. People from both sides of the argument have tried to prove why religion and science are not intertwined, while some have argued that both can coexist. If Charles Darwin were alive today doing more research, IRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution Of Creationism977 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of evolution is at odds with the views of many religions, and many people want to allow a religious view of creationism to be taught in the public school system. The foundation of evolution is based upon the belief that the origin of all ordered complex systems, including living creatures, can be explained by natural laws without the initiation or intervention of God. A person who believes in the biblical model of creation is viewed by some non- believers as a naive, narrow-minded religiousRead MoreBelieving in Evolution Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesBelieving in Evolution Darwin did two things; He showed that evolution was a fact contradicting literal interpretations of Scriptural legends of creation and that its cause, natural selection, was automatic with no room for Divine Guidance or Design. (Britannica Encyclopaedia) The traditional Christian view of the creation of the world is that God created everything after much thought, planning and design in just six days, these beliefs are based onRead MoreDiscussions and Arguments of Old Earth vs Young Earth Creationism1239 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION 1 ATHEISTIC EVOLUTION 1 THEISTIC EVOLUTION 1 OLD EARTH CREATIONISM 1 YOUNG EARTH CREATIONISM 2 COPERNICAN PRINCIPLE 2 EVOLUTIONISM 2 YOUNG EARTH AND OLD EARTH CREATIONISM ARGUMENTS 3 PERSONAL VIEW 4 CONCLUSION 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 INTRODUCTION Evolution theories have been around for a long time. There have also been a lot of old- and young Earth creationism arguments. These theories and arguments are discussed in this paper. ATHEISTIC EVOLUTION Atheistic evolution can be defined

Airline Demand Forecast Free Essays

string(50) " an elastic driver for airline demand generation\." STIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY ENAR TUNC, Orhan sIvrIkaya* Okan UNIVERSITY Title: ESTIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY Orhan Sivrikaya*(Candidate Phd. ), OKAN UNIVERSITY Tel: 0-532-4265392 Fax: [0-212-4652299] Email: osivrikaya@live. com Enar Tunc, Professor of Industrial Engineering, OKAN UNIVERSITY Keywords * Domestic Air Transportation, City Pair, Origin and Destination, Demand, Forecast, Gravity Model, Multivariate Regression and Detour Factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Demand Forecast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Total Page: 11 Abstract Accuracy in estimating airline market demand is a key element while an airline is planning its short term or long term business plan regardless of its status quo being an incumbent or startup company. Turkish domestic market of air travel industry has been dramatically grown in recent years especially after the deregulation commencing on the renewal of air transportation policy in 2003. However there is not any relevant scientific research in the literature to analyze the determining factors on air travel demand of domestic city pairs in Turkey. A multivariate regression model is generated in order to fit the air travel demand in number of passengers carried. The model is based on aggregate individual market which consists of on-line city pairs. The model is found significantly representative within the experimental data out of the years 2008 and 2009 including the origin and destination pairs for 40 on-line cities. Then, the model is tested by using 2010 figures in order to compare prediction values with actual figures. Accuracy level is found to be encouraging for potential new airports or potential new routes to be evaluated by using the model estimates. . Introduction The deregulation of air transportation market in Turkey in 2003 has started revolutionary changes in the airline industry. New government having the target to increase the portion of air travel out of all modes of local transportation attempted to encourage more airline companies to enter the market and enable them to offer more attractive prices by tax cut ting specific to the airline sector. Price oriented competition has worked very well to generate significant airline passenger traffic. Low Cost Carriers have contributed to exercise a sustainable two digit growth by stealing passenger traffic from bus transportation as a result of shortening the gap between relative prices. Turkish Airlines as a legacy carrier has responded to structural changes in the market by applying dynamic pricing policy and growth strategy to benefit from economies of scale resulting in increase in productivity. Big changes in airline passenger traffic in Turkey create a challenge to testify any claiming model built to estimate air travel demand. Macroeconomic or demographic changes do not seem to be responsible for whole boost in air travel demand. Competition doubled or tripled available seat capacity on some routes so that it was required a different strategy to generate additional demand to achieve in satisfactory load factor which is a key performance indicator for airline profitability. Airline traffic is most of the time considered as a significant indicator for the performance of the nation’s entire industry since it is highly correlated with the number of business events and interactions with other industries simultaneously. So, it implies that changes in economies may influence airlines traffic indirectly. However, airline specific parameters like ticket price and degrees of competition are also supposed to be main driver for passenger demand besides the macroeconomic factors. The sustainable success of any organization or company is closely related with how well management or decision makers are able to foresee the future and develop appropriate strategies. The objective of this study is to examine the demand size for air transport in Turkey and show its implications for air transport planning. 2. BACKGROUND It has been seen throughout the results of the previous research in the iterature that one of the most important issue to develop a predictive model is to choose the right combination of the variables which represent the determining factors involved in the model. These variables are categorized by two subgroups (Carson et al. 2010): 1. Geo-economics Factors: which consist of geographical characteristics, economical activities, social factor etc. 2. Service Related Factors: which a re related to airline dependent factors. The other prominent aspect of model generation is the level of forecast which can be classified by two groups as well; 1. Microscopic Model: Airport specific or city pair specific data is involved such that it refers the total number of incoming and outgoing passengers per particular airport or per city pair. 2. Macroscopic Model: Region or country specific data is involved such that it refers to aggregated number of passengers in a region or country regardless of origin or destination city. Aggregate Individual Market (AIM) forecast outperforms the aggregate approach since the forecasting power gained by exploiting heterogeneous information across markets dominates the forecasting power lost due to estimation of many coefficients (Carson et al. 2010). Local area information appears to be more relevant in determining local Oamp;D travel than of national information such as gross domestic product (Bhadra 2003). ————————————————- 3. OVERVIEW OF THE determ? nants for air passenger demand ? n turkey Turkey is spread over a wide geographical area and road ways are not adequately constructed for all direction. Hence, air transportation is supposed to have more shares out of total statistics in domestic transportation covering all possible city pairs. While the gap between relative prices is being shortened, more and more people find it affordable to fly. This study is aiming to find out the determining factors which are concerned to turn potential demand into air travel passengers. The proposed model is not only to explain actual traffic results but also to estimate potential traffic between cross cities which are not connected directly or to evaluate off-line cities to build new airport. Population, gross domestic product per capita and employment rate are considered as the leading macroeconomic dynamics behind air travel demand as depicted in the Table 1. Average fare has a stimulating effect on airline demand as Brons et al. 2002) pointed out that ticket price is an elastic driver for airline demand generation. You read "Airline Demand Forecast" in category "Papers" There are also specific indicators for a particular city pair traffic representing interactivity between the concerning cities such as distance and number of migrants from each other. The number of bus registered in a city is indicating the volume of bus transportation which is considered to be negatively related with air travel demand. Since number of carriers as a degree of competition contributes to market expansion, it is also embedded in the model expecting a positive relation with air travel demand. Table 1 Commonality in Types of Variables Variable’s Name| Percentage of Occurrence*| GDP| 50. 0 %| GDP per Capita| 35. 7 %| Unemployment Rate| 14. 3 %| Fuel Price| 7. 1 %| Number of Employees| 7. 1 %| Population| 42. 8 %| Average Fare| 57. 1 %| CPI| 14. 3 %| Trade per Capita| 14. 3 %| Exchange Rate| 14. 3 %| Service Frequency| 28. 6 %| Distance| 42. 8 %| Expenditures| 7. 1 %| * The percentages are calculated out of a sample of 14 different relevant articles. Most of the itineraries between city pairs are not directly connected that means air passengers travel with connecting flights via one or more transfer points. If there is no direct service the dummy variable transit gets 1 and 0 otherwise. Naturally, passengers would not prefer to fly with connecting flights so it is anticipated to be negatively affecting air travel demand. 4. ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION data, Methodology and results Data availability is main issue when data coverage is decided. Experimental model is based on the data of the two years 2008 and 2009 since all explanatory variables are available within the specified period. There are 40 on-line destinations in domestic network in Turkey. This number of destinations can theoretically generate 1560 different origin and destinations (Oamp;D’s) on which direct or connecting flights are possible. However experimental sample does not cover data for all possible on-line Oamp;D’s because some city pairs which are at close distance are not meaningful to fly with connecting flights or the concerning flights are not connected each other. There are 231 city pairs which are served with direct flights, whereas the remaining city pairs are found to be flown by connecting flights via an appropriate domestic hub. Under the assumption of approximately the same number of Oamp;D’s for each year, data size will be duplicated for the two year’s period. Airport statistics for all scheduled carriers are used in the experimental model as a source of the dependent variable. Transfer traffic is removed from the statistics for each city pair, since the proposed model is to estimate pure Oamp;D passenger by using data specific to the corresponding city pairs. Average prices for each city pair are estimated by using airlines’ web site. Road distance between the cities is taken from the web site of the General Directorate Highways of Turkey. Population of the cities, GDP per capita of the cities, the number of migrants between the cities, the number of bus registered in the city’s account and labour rate of the cities are obtained from the Bureau of Statistics in Turkey. Weighted average of the corresponding city’s population is used, while GDP per capita and the labour rate are being converted to Oamp;D level. A variety of different models exist for passenger volume estimation. Since no single model guarantees accuracy, airlines in fact compare forecasts from several different models. Within this set of forecasting methods, the most demand models used are of the simple gravity type formulation. (S. C. Wirasinghe et al. 1998). The gravity model for the estimation of domestic passenger volume between city-pairs is examined in this study. By excluding unavailable service-related or market specific input variables, and using cross-sectional calibration data, the model is particularly applicable to city-pairs where no air service exists, historical data is unavailable, or factors describing the current service level of air transportation are not available. Average price for city-pairs with no air service is estimated by fall back mechanism that it uses the average price which is normalized by distance of the cities having similar market structure. All other explanatory variables are not service related factors and available for the city-pairs with no air service. The gravity model takes the form: D=?. AaBbCc†¦ This model assumes that the marginal effects of each variable on demand are not constant but depend on both the value of the variable and the values of all other variables in the demand function (Aderamo 2010). In other words, the explanatory variables affect demand in multiplicative manner. Partial derivation of any independent variable proves aforementioned relationship. However, this model can be made suitable for multiple regressions by applying logarithmic transformation. Logarithmic form of the gravity model takes the form: LogD=? 0 + ? 1LogA + ? 2LogB + ? 3LogC +†¦ where ? 0=Log? It is obvious that interdependency is resolved in this form so that multiple regression model can be applied. The proposed multiple regression model is generated by using SAS Jmp 9 tool. Table 2 shows the matrix of correlation between the independent variables. The results show that some of the variables are interrelated. For example, Log_Migrant has a correlation coefficient of 0. 8661 and 0. 8150 with Log_Pop* and Log_Bus* respectively. Where both Log_Migrant* and Log_Pop* are calculated by taking the product of population of origin and destination cities. However, omitting any of these two variables would substantially reduce the model fit. As the goal is to obtain a reliable estimation of the passenger volume, all interrelated variables were included (Grosche et al. 007). Furthermore, it has been said that if the sole purpose of regression analysis is prediction or forecasting, then multicollinearity is not a serious problem because the higher R2, the better prediction(R. C. Geary, 1963). In order to verify stepwise regression fit of the model, stepwise process by backward direction and minimum AICc selection is used. When all independent variables as depicted in Table 2 are entered, the smallest AICc value 2665. 913 is found. Adjusted R2 as shown in the Table 3 is 0. 823991 which is fairly good. In the Table 4, adjusted R2’s are compared including the relevant articles in the reference list. This comparison table shows that the studied model efficiency is relatively successful. As shown in the table 5, the F test also shows that the regression is significant since F statistic of 497. 2411 is obviously higher than the critical value of 2. 32 at 0. 01 level of significance. In the table 6, parameter estimates are depicted. As seen in the table, all independent variables are significant at 0. 01 level of two tail significance considering their t-statistics. Since the coefficients of the regression model represent elasticities of the corresponding variables, how change of any variable affects demand estimation can be determined. The price elasticity of passenger demand is approximately -1. 1 which implies that airline passenger demand in Turkey is elastic. This finding is compliant with the fact that after low cost carriers entered into the market by lowering ticket prices, market size has been tramendously enlarged. Domestic passenger traffic grows higher than the decreasing rate of ticket price. Both GDP per capita and ticket price seem to have elastic impact on passenger demand estimation. Air transportation and bus transportation seem to be competing each other because of their negative relation. When air service is provided by connecting flight which means transit traffic, air transport demand is decreasing. This result is not surprising because people do prefer to fly directly. Another result is that the number of airlines participating in each Oamp;D market tends to have a positive impact on the number of passengers traveled between Oamp;D pairs, perhaps representing the ffects of choice more than anything else. Lastly, distance and the number of migrants are found positively related with air transport demand as expected. Table 4 Model Efficiency Benchmark| Research Name| Level of Forecast| Author| Year| Independent Variables| Observation| Adjusted R Square| Demand For Air Transport In Nigeria| Aggregate| Adekunle J. Aderamo| 2010| Index of AgricultureIndex of Electrici tyGDP| 23| 0. 923| Air Travel Domestic Demand Model in Bangladesh| Aggregate| Md. Jobair Bin Alam Dewan Masud KArim| 1998| PopulationGDPDistance| 31| 0. 8| An Econometric Analysis of Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia| Aggregate| Seraj Y. Abed Abdullah O. Ba-FailSajjad M. Jasimuddin| 2001| PopulationTotal Expenditures| 25| 0. 959| Regression Model for Passenger Demand: A case study of Cairo Airport| Aggregate| Dr. Khaled A. Abbas| 2003| Population GDPForeign Tourist| 88| 0. 82| Demand for Airravel In USA| Oamp;D| Dipasis Bhadra| 2003| Density, Interaction, Distance, Marketshare, Fare| 2424| 0. 57| An Aggregate Demand Model in Hub-and-Spoke| Aggregate| Wenbin WeiMark Hansen| 2006| Frequency, Number of Spokes, Fare, Distance, Capacity, Traffic Type| 897| 0. 92| Gravity Model for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation| City-pairs| Tobias GroscheFranz RothlaufArmin Heinzl| 2007| DistancePopulationCatchment Area| 956| 0. 761| The number of migrants indicates the relationship between city-pai rs hence it positively affects on point to point air traffic demand. When distance is greater, air transport demand increases due to the fact that people get higher utility comparing to the alternative modes of transportation. In the figure 1, model fit of the experimental data is shown in scatter diagram. There are total 955 observations within experimental data. A test data is obtained from 2010 actual results which consists of 562 observations. The model predicts 2010 figures with a Mape (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value 14. 1 %. Actual data of 2010 is refined by excluding the Oamp;D’s having less than 104 yearly passengers flow and detour factors smaller than 3. Logic of this filtering is to choose meaningful connections out of the all itineraries. Although the model is performing significantly well with a relatively high Rsquare value, small discrepancy in prediction value may result in larger inaccuracy in passenger demand estimate because of logarithmic aspect of the regression. . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the proposed econometric estimation and using micro data based on local area information can result in substantial insights to Oamp;D travel. The demand model reveals all the quantitative relationships among the used variables, which is helpful for airlines to understand the consequence of change of their dec ision variables or adjustment of their routing structures, and also useful for the related authority to quantify the benefits of airport capacity expansion and to take into account while airport building plan is being evaluated. It would be advantageous to extend the time period covered by the analysis. This would enable to examine possible differences in elasticity amongst city-pairs. Extending the data back in time would also provide observations of airfares progress. The model efficiency may be improved for even more reliable estimation, if more independent variables indicating bilateral relations between city-pairs are embedded in the model such as the number of call between city-pairs or credit card statistics of domestic visitors. References S. C. Wirasinghe and A. S. Kumarage, An Aggregate Demand Model for Intercity Passenger Travel in Sri Lanka. Transportation 25: 77-98, 1998. R. C. Geary, Some Results about Relations between Stochastic Variables: A Discussion Document, Review of International Statistical Institute, Vol. 31, pp. 163-181, 1963. Richard T. Carson, Tolga Cenesizoglu and Roger Parker. Aggregate Demand for USA Commercial Air Travel. Department of Economics, University of California. 2010. Elton Fernandes and Ricardo Rodrigues Pacheco. Air Transportation Analysis: Passenger Demand in Brazil. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 33. Adakunle J. Aderamo. Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 1 (1): 23-31 (2010). Md. Jobair Bin Alem and Dewan Masud Karim. Air Travel Demand Model For Domestic Air Transportation in Bangladesh. Journal of Civil Engineering The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh Vol. CE 26, No. 1, 1998. Seraj Y. Abed, Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Sajjad M. Jasimuddin. An Econometric Analysis of International Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transport Management 7 (2001) 143-148. Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Seraj Y. Abed. The Determinants of Domestic Air Travel Demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transportation World Wide Vol. 5, No. 2 – 2000. Abdullah Omer Ba-Fail. Applying Data Mining Techniques To Forecast Number of Airline Passengers In Saudi Arabia (Domestic and International Travels). Aviation Institute, University of Nabraska at Omaha, 2004. Senanu Ashiabor, Hojong Baik and Antonio Trani. Logit Models For Forecasting Nationwide Intercity Travel Demand in the USA. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2007, Washington, D. C. , pp. 1-12 2007. J. Scott Armstrong and Michael C. Grohman. A Comparative Study of Methods for Long-Range Market Forecasting. Management Science, 19 (2), pp. 211-221 1972. Khaled A. Abbas. Conceptual and Regression Models for Passenger Demand Prediction. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 26 2003. Dipasis Bhadra. Demand for Air Travel in the United States: Bottom-up Econometric Estimation and Implications for Forecasts by Origin and Destination Pairs. Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 8, No. 2 – 2003. Radosav B. Jovanovic. Generalised Intrinsic Characteristics as a Forecasting Tool: A dynamic perpective. Second International Conference on Research in Air Transportation – Belgrade, June 24–28 2006. Martijn Brons, Eric Pels, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld. Price Elasticities of Demand for Passenger Air Travel. Journal of Air Transport Management 8 pp. 65-175 2002. Dail Umamil Asri and Yoriyasu Sugie. Simultaneous Demand Model for Passenger Travel. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 4, October, 2003. Joyce Dargay and Mark Hanly. The Determinants of the Demand for International Air Travel to and from UK. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, November 2001. Catherine Zhukovskaya. Use of the Generalized Linear Model in Forecasting the Air Passengers’ Conveyances from EU Countries. Computer Modelling and Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 62–72, 2007. Wenbin Wei and Mark Hansen. An Aggregate Demand Model for Air Passenger Traffic in the Hub and Spoke Network. Transportation Research Part A 40 pp. 841–851, 2006. Matthew G. Karlaftis. Demand Forecasting in Regional Airports. Straer 7 pp. 100-111, Tr. 312, 2008. Tobias Grosche, Franz Rothlauf and Armin Heinzl. Gravity Models for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation. Journal of Air Transport Management 13 pp. 175-183, 2007. Chaug-Ing Hsu and Su-Miao Liu. Predicting City-Pair Air Passenger Traffic Using Grey Topological Forecasting Model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, October, 2003. How to cite Airline Demand Forecast, Papers

Thesis for health disparities free essay sample

Disparities in Mental Health Care with Regards to Racial and Ethnic Cofactors There are many significant differences among racial and ethnic groups pertaining to mental health and mental health services. Via this topic, disparities among racial and ethnic groups have arisen and been studied and researched in magnitude. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups can be attributed, but not limited to: access to health care, quality of care received, and the cost variances of mental health services among differing racial and ethnic groups. Research and data statistics have been obtained that focus on the underlying factors contributing to the disparities of each of these key points. Access to health care, quality of care, and cost variances among ethnicities will be discussed in depth independently. Laterally, emphasis will also been placed on preventative measures that may be implemented in order to lessen the gap in mental health care outcomes between different socioeconomic groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis for health disparities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Mental Health Services. Through ample studies and research, it has been concluded that there are indeed significant differences in mental health services among racial and ethnic groups. But where do the variances originate? Many factors influence the disparities of racial and ethnic mental health care, and equality can be significantly obscured from the very beginning of the spectrum. Cook, McGuire, and Miranda (2007) conducted a study based on the Institute of Medicine definition of racial-ethnic disparities. Data was obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. Trends in data were examined over 2000-2001 and 2003-2004 and compared respectively. One point of interest in this study was the measurements of any mental health visit made by African Americans, Hispanics, and white Americans over these two specific trend periods. These data revealed a descending trend in the mental health care access amongst African-American-white and Hispanic-white populations over the studied time periods. It can be inferred that the overall mental health system provides less care/access of care to minority African-Americans and Hispanics than it offers to whites. An additional study by Howell (2008) examined disparities in treatment seeking among ethnicities, more specifically emphasizing the differences in youth in rural and urban areas. The research in this particular study signifies that there are marginal differences in the receipt of mental health care among racial minority groups and their counterparts. Hispanic and black children proved to receive less mental health services than their white youth counterparts in urban areas. Further, the disparity is parallel in Hispanic children in rural areas. It is suggested by this study that the recognition of disparities among minority youth is essential to correcting the issue. Howell proposes that parents, teachers, and other community members should implicate methods to push for equalization of mental health services in both rural and urban areas. According to Solway, Estes, Goldberg, and Berry (2010), access of mental health treatment is directly related to factors other than simply incompetency or lack of uniformity across the health services spectrum. This study takes a look at racial and ethnic disparities in a group of older, racially diverse adults and their relative mental health accessibility. In the compiled list of explanations for accessibility, Solway et al. (2010) state that for some older generations in various ethnicities, accessibility is an option. The older people of some ethnic groups view mental health detriments as a norm that comes along with old age. Due to the â€Å"normality† of mental degeneration and aging, they look to family members for support and rely on traditions such as home remedies and osteopathic-type therapies as opposed to seeking professional treatment and prescribed medication. Because some ethnicities’ elderly populations use this tactic, there is lower demand for mental health professionals, thus a smaller supply. This article describes accessibility of mental care as an â€Å"option† rather than a deficit of adequate mental health care providers. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Utilization of Mental Health Care One of the key factors that contribute to the disparities of mental health care among racial and ethnic groups is the differing percentages within populations that actually seek and utilize mental health services with respect to each group. Furthermore, there are specific motives that cause an individual or group of individuals to seek mental health treatment or, alternatively, decide against it. Shim, Compton, Rust, Druss, and Kaslow (2009) constructed a study that observed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Their findings accentuated the decisions of racial and ethnic groups on whether or not to seek mental health care based on attitudes and perspectives of mental care. The study compared minority groups to non-Hispanic whites and the rates at which each group sought treatment. Shim et al. (2009) proved that race-ethnicity was a contributing factor to attitudes towards seeking mental treatment. It was concluded that African-Americans, Hispanics, and Latinos had a more positive attitude and greater willingness towards seeking mental health services, and therefore obtained a greater amount of care with respect to non-Hispanic whites. Coinciding, the same minority groups had lesser reported embarrassment of seeking treatment. Alvidrez, Shumway, Morazes, and Boccellari (2011) provide results of a study they conducted explicitly on females seeking mental treatment following sexual assault victimization. The study examined a sample group of 104 women of white, black, Latin, or other ethnicities that had been sexually assaulted. The focus was turned to women who pursued mental health treatment (offered free of charge) after they had been a victim of sexual assault. The conclusions of this research draw to the fact that even though all ethnic groups sampled were equal in terms of needing mental health attention after such a tragic event, black women were less likely to follow up their assault with mental care than white women. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment and Quality of Mental Health Care Two key areas thus far have been the general foci of racial disparities in mental illness treatment; accessibility and utilization. Perhaps the subject matter that contributes to the most substantial differences in mental health services among race is the actual treatment itself; the inconsistencies in quality of care by the provider. Data obtained from the National Comorbidity Survey from 1990-2003 exposes greater disparities in mental health care quality pertaining to ethnic minority groups relative to whites (Ault-Brutus, 2012). A large part of these said disparities can be paid due to bias. Bias is pinpointed to be the main source of detriment in areas such as questionable diagnostic practices and limited provisions of optimum treatments. A particular article written by Snowden (2003) describes bias in health care, the different levels it is derived from; practitioners, practice networks, and communities, and how it negatively effects certain ethnic groups. He claims that one possibility for the intrusion of bias into mental health care services occurs when â€Å"†¦practitioners and mental health program administrators make unwarranted judgments about people on the basis of race or ethnicity. In a strict sense, it is these unwarranted views, reactions to a person ‘on the basis of perceived membership in a single human category, ignoring other category memberships and other personal attributes,’ that constitute bias†. Further elaborating on this view, McGuire and Miranda (2008) say that if a mental health practitioner exhibits some bias towards an individual of a certain ethnicity they impose discriminatory actions by exerting less effort in diagnosis and treatment. Their inappropriate expectations lead to inappropriate decisions and actions. Ault-Brutus (2012) suggests that more specified programs and policies should be implemented in order to increase mental health care quality among individuals from racial-ethnic minorities. Conclusion: Preventative Measures to Eliminate Disparities among Races and Ethnicities in Mental Health Care It is apparent that there are several underlying factors contributing to the disparities in mental health care among differing racial-ethnic groups. Accessibility to mental health care can attribute to the varying levels of health care received between minority and majority groups. The utilization or perceived usefulness of mental health treatment can also contribute to higher or lower levels of mental health care. Where some ethnic groups see it necessary that mental help be easily attainable, others see it as a trivial service to their own home remedies, traditions, and family support systems. Lastly, and arguably the most significant factor in racial disparities, quality of care administered to patients of different ethnicities can skew the equality substantially. So how do we go about lessening the gap between health services received by minority groups versus majority groups? One way is to make sure that the physicians administering professional treatment are aware of the present disparities and that they are making a conscious effort to eliminate negative attitudes geared towards any one racial or ethnic group when performing treatment. In a study by Mallinger and Lambert (2010), 374 random psychiatrists were pulled for observation and questioning on this particular topic. Most of the studied psychiatrists stated that they were either completely unaware or hardly familiar with the topic of mental health care disparities among racial groups. Other tactics of closing the gap between racial and ethnic groups in regards to mental health care could be to implement plans that target minority groups and publicize the issue of inequality in health services to minority groups. A standard could be set and monitored by government ran agencies that equalize mental health services across the board. Peng (2009) suggests that â€Å"†¦interventions in the form of, for example, policies to eliminate institutional forms of discrimination, to improve economic conditions for poverty or low income groups or, at the local level, to build community capital within minority neighborhoods with the aim of fostering health† are some starting points for creating equality among mental health care in all ethnicities. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups are an obvious concern that can negatively affect many groups across the map. It should be the role of the community to take preventative action to impose equality in health care for all.