Gap Between Rich And Poor Essay Research free essay sample

Hole Between Rich And Poor Essay, Research Paper America the lovely, Who are you excellent for? America, the place that is known for possibility, yet is it genuinely? America is comprised of individuals of a wide range of social and cultural foundations. The essential law of the individuals peruses that as Americans, these individuals are qualified forever, self-sufficiency and the pursuit of felicity. These rights were structured in segment to accomplish a feeling of equity inside the individual so a feeling of uprightness would be. Due to the developments inside society that impact an individual s character, for example, the instructive, corporate and administrative developments there are numerous distinctions in the cultural, monetary, and political sense among the people. There is a decision bunch who are progressively instructed that originated from the more regarded and prosperous foundations rather than the individuals who originate from the working in the middle of class and hapless degrees. The odds are very different because of the impacts of these foundations and the financial degrees that children are naturally introduced to. We will compose a custom paper test on Hole Between Rich And Poor Essay Research or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that the financial assets are plentiful, than progress is simpler to accomplish. By taking a gander at the sole nines that the well off have a place with and the distinctions in the instructive foundations that children join in, it is clear that the single Born into a prosperous family unit is more arranged to achieve accomplishment than one who is raised in a hands on class family unit. One of the main keys to progress is to set up networks and associations on the side of the corporate network. These networks structure a cultural cognizance which depends on two kinds of connections found in a position web: basic position in explicit cultural foundations and well disposed connections dependent on cultural communications inside those foundations. Social cognizance makes a gathering independence where individuals from the cultural gatherings are believed to be sole and of high position. The cultural holding can be viewed as one ground why the cultural rich are firm bounty to control the rest of society in spite of their Numberss. ( Domhoff, G. William, Who Rules America? p.72 ) Used as indexs of upper classification standing, the sole nines are utilized as a help to isolate the affluent from the average workers. The Bohemian Club is one of the most generally realized nines that takes into account the upper classification, corporate pioneers, well known people, and spec ialists functionaries. This retreat entwines the upper classification with the corporate network to make a vibe for cultural holding and unwinding. Another of import guide of these nines is to propagate the upper class from coevals to coevals. The hands on class does non participate in a similar kind of systems administration as the upper classification. In contrasting with the upper classification, there is non a solid relationship between the corporate network and the hands on classification. They do non hold the help or backing of the enterprises for retreats or nines preventing them from securing chances for equivalent advancement in the corporate network. Without rationality, future coevalss are left to make their singularities in their occupation topographic point. In the upper class the more youthful coevalss are acquainted with the corporate network through the nines giving them a pes in the entryway. Despite the fact that non all upper classification residents have a place with clubs, for example, the Bohemian nine, the mass are partnered with these nines as evident through the situation of corporate pioneers. Social nines are simply one outline of foundations that make chances for the upper classification while m aking a bigger spread between the rich and hapless. Instructive foundations other than make inconsistent possibilities for various classes. The majority of the upper classification kids are sent to tuition based schools and are therefore sent to get oning schools which become cultivate families that play a significant capacity in making a high society subculture on a lmost a national graduated table in America ( p.82 ) . The instructive arrangement of the upper classification underscores the structure of character. Live-in schools are useful cultural operators which humanist Erving Goffman calls whole foundations, protecting their individuals from the outside universe and providing them with a lot of modus operandis and customs that envelop a large portion of their waking hours ( p.83 ) . The understudies graduate encountering discrete and better over those outside of the upper classification network. One alumna expressed, At school, we were made to encounter somewhat preferred [ over others ] on account of our class. There is more help through parental and graduated class support, subsequently tuition based schools can offer a more extensive grouping of classifications with qualified teachers. Most government funded schools are kept at low consideration since there is non satisfactory help. In contrast to the tuition based schools, there are hardly any schools with family unit support in the financial and scholarly nations. The children have less assets, for example, books and registering machines, doing it all the more hard for both the teachers and the understudies. As a result of this the students get a hapless guidance which reflects in their hereafters. In Kozol s article, Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools, he explored state funded schools in New York and found that the majority of the schools were stuffed and the structures were essentially ruins. One of the teachers expressed, We are debilitated by scarceness. All together for the children to be spurred about securing, it is important to flexibly them with the correct devices in a comfortable obtaining condition. The schools in the hapless regions can't gracefully for their students in any of these w ays. One student depicted how she needed to scrub down after school to take the mortar from her hair. Kozol asked a main what he considered aided in doing a decent school. His answer was, The structure and teachers are part of it, of class. In any case, it isn T simply the structure and the teachers. Our childs originate from great family units and the regions are acceptable ( p.98 ) . The government funded schools situated in progressively flush networks are accounted for to be supported at a rate multiple times more noteworthy than the low-salary regions, orchestrating to the Post. The ground for the New York Board of Education non seting additional help into the low-pay domains is that they wear t accept the educators will stay at that place. Understudies who go to the state funded schools in the more flush networks get better tutoring fixing them for the occupation advertise. The students originating from low-salary family units do non have a similar level of chances because of a lack of help and assets in their instructive foundations. Through the cultural foundations of the upper classification each piece great as the instructive frameworks of both the upper and lower classifications, it is evident that there exists an imbalance in the classification development. More possibilities exist for the upper classification from the early mature ages of their youth taking up to the position of sole nines and through going to of non-public schools. The greater part of import factor of achievement is a decent guidance and most low-salary family units are prevented this in light of the fact that from claiming districting grounds. Other than holding a decent guidance, it is at one s bit of leeway to be a bit of a web or cultural nine which will back up them and steer them through their calling. These cultural nines exist predominantly among the more flush family units. So as to try and out the graduated tables of possibility, the instructive frameworks must be rethought with the goal that students get equivalent assets in a p rotected domain. Guardians should other than help with demoing their help in the instructive and persuasive sense. Bing naturally introduced to a specific cultural classification finds one s in the future in the event that they do non perceive that there are more possibilities out at that place other than that 1s that are generally clear.

Aung San Suu Kyi - Nobel Prize Lecture free essay sample

Question: Examine the complexity and think about the social insurance arrangement of two distinct nations? Answer: Introdcution The varieties present in the UK and US medicinal services framework are enormously relying on the money related quality and political culture of individual nation. The notoriety of human services conveyance framework and financing isn't just because of the overall need for medicinal services, yet additionally in light of various style of care conveyance frameworks and subsidizing far and wide. Medicinal services is considered as a well known theme for present and people in the future, in light of social and political culture. It is every now and again observed that entrance to medicinal services administrations is featured on news and other TV programs, political guarantees and social gathering conversations. This infers the individuals of the United States are coming closer to demanding better reach to social insurance administrations (McCarthy, 2014). A general misinterpretation is available among the American open that is the United Kingdom offers free medicinal services administr ations. When all is said in done talking, the national social insurance administrations offer consideration benefits basically dependent on the resident tax assessment. The Americans consider increased administrative contributions in the medicinal services set up; consequently, it is important to see how this can be cultivated and its impact on the social orders. As per Gass and Bezold (2013) data get to, administration quality and subsidizing costs are the primary segments of human services framework. The World Health Organization has expressed that every single individual ought to acquire care administrations with no conservative imperative. As indicated by the worldwide human services administration report, the UK makes the greatest spending in medicinal services and social consideration administrations. The UK makes the most extreme installment for nursing staffs, by giving work to practically 101nurses per 10,000people (Kumarasamy and Sanfilippo, 2015). The UK and the US have c lose social and authentic ties, yet with regards to human services, both these nations are significantly extraordinary. As they enormously contrast from one another, both the nations can gain from each other to develop better frameworks and strategies and hence create social insurance administration to their residents. This paper will look into between the UK social insurance framework and the US medicinal services framework. This paper will incorporate hierarchical examination, nature of individual framework and subsidizing (BBC News, 2015). The announcements will be upheld by appropriate proof promotion models. The point of this article is to distinguish the chances, focal points from relative qualities and address or maintain a strategic distance from constraints natural in singular framework. Body The UK medicinal services framework The Department of Health is supposed to be an administration body responsible for the National Health Service in England. The targets of The Department of Health include in general improvement and prosperity of the inhabitants of England (Hollnagel, Braithwaite and Wears, 2013). This is cultivated by supporting, managing and driving the National Health Service and the associations related with social consideration, to give great wellbeing administrations and to offer choices to the consideration customers and significance to citizens. The US human services framework The US human services administrations can be either private or either open. General medicinal services incorporated a job of the legislature or the general population. The legislature and open organizations offer social insurance in sickness avoidance, wellbeing advancement, detailing, transmittable infection checking and control of the natural elements, similar to: water and air quality and furthermore general wellbeing information examination. The UK subsidizing A NHS care purchaser when utilizes a NHS administration, similar to: intense consideration trust, PCT and so forth, they use so with no expense. Note that the subsystems of NHS and related suppliers get pay for dealing with the NHS patients and the pay isn't gotten straightforwardly from the patients during treatment. NHS pay is bolstered by general tax assessment. The NHS is comprised of government representatives, henceforth the supplier pay is for the most part as reward or pay and financing is rely upon contract between the NHS and the supplier (Head et al., 2014). It was evaluated that there was 8.3% of all out GDP consumption was utilized on social insurance and open use was 14.5% (Nhs.uk, 2015). This information spoke to that couple of events are available where open do make an installment toward buying human services administrations and items. Barely any NHS administrations are not free. The wellbeing office upholds level charges to NHS patients, for specific items, as optica l, dental and pharmaceutical administrations and items. The US subsidizing Numerous gatherings and elements are associated with supporting the US social insurance framework. Practically 44% of human services GDP is paid out by the general population or government reserves and henceforth, nearly, 56% of GDP related with social insurance is paid out by private gatherings. Current information shows that social insurance costs have reached nearly US $2.8 trillion in the year 2011 (Dorsey, 2010). Because of this expansion, it is essential for the US social insurance supervisors and US open to perceive how this consideration set up is supported to add to the explanation of this continually rising issue. As per Hussey et al. (2004) one of the most exceptional trademark highlights of the US social insurance industry is its dependence on organization affiliations that is when individual gathering works on the side of another (Hussey et al., 2004). For instance: a medical coverage organization functions as a go between for its part while managing out remunerations fo r wellbeing administrations. Outsider payers give repayment for medicinal services office, regardless of whether its a business gathering, an open arrangement or others. They pay for their individuals. The two offices that are liable for making up for the social insurance administrations offered by the US are the patients and associations. End In spite of the fact that the medicinal services related subsidizing in the UK is constrained by the legislature and financing in the US is constrained by open and private offices, both are just made attainable by open commitment. The essential contrasts are government inclusion level and deliberate commitment versus required tax assessment. The UK offers access to the human services administrations to all utilizing a similarly run social insurance conveyance framework to the United States, though, the US is confronting practical weight. Consequently, the US has altogether flopped in offering Americans with sensible social insurance administrations and guidance on the impact this has on the monetary framework. In this way, at last it tends to be suggested that the US human services framework is progressively successful. References BBC News, (2015).NHS fulfillment 'risen altogether'. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/wellbeing 31018004 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Dorsey, E. (2010). Financing of US Biomedical Research, 2003-2008.JAMA, 303(2), p.137. Head, M., Fitchett, J., Holmes, A. furthermore, Atun, R. (2014). Subsidizing medicinal services related disease inquire about: a methodical examination of UK look into speculations, 19972010.Journal of Hospital Infection, 87(2), pp.84-91. Hollnagel, E., Braithwaite, J. also, Wears, R. (2013).Resilient medicinal services. Farnham, Surrey, UK England: Ashgate. Hussey, P., Anderson, G., Osborn, R., Feek, C., McLaughlin, V., Millar, J. also, Epstein, A. (2004). How Does The Quality Of Care Compare In Five Countries?.Health Affairs, 23(3), pp.89-99. Kumarasamy, M. also, Sanfilippo, F. (2015). Separating storehouses: drawing in understudies to help fix the US medicinal services system.Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, p.101. McCarthy, M. (2014). Wellbeing framework report positions UK first, US last.BMJ, 348(jun17 25), pp.g4080-g4080. Nhs.uk, (2015).What is NHS proceeding with human services? - Health questions - NHS Choices. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2392.aspx?CategoryID=68 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015].

How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System

How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Print How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System? Cocaine in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 27, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 Verywell / Gary Ferster More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects? How Long Does Cocaine Last? Factors That Affect Detection Time How to Get Cocaine Out of Your System Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top It is almost impossible to determine an exact timeframe that cocaine (also known as coke, crack, flake, rocks, and snow) will show up on a drug test. How long cocaine stays in the system depends on many variables, including a persons metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, and other factors. The various kinds of screening tests that can be usedâ€"blood, saliva, urine, or hair follicleâ€"also have different windows of time in which they can detect the drug. These can range from 24 hours to up to three months. Cocaine is a Schedule II controlled substance because of its high potential for abuse and severe psychological and physical dependence. It is available legally for use in certain medical and surgical settings, but not legal for prescription. Its recreational use is illegal in the United States. How Long Does Cocaine Stay in Your System? Blood: Up to 24 hoursHair: Up to 90 daysSaliva: Up to 2 daysUrine: Up to 3 days What to Know About Cocaine Use How Long Does It Take to Feel the Effects? The method by which cocaine is administeredâ€"whether its smoked, injected, taken orally, or snortedâ€"can affect both the intensity and duration of the high. For example, snorting cocaine can produce a relatively slow onset of the high that may last from 15 to 30 minutes. Smoking cocaine, on the other hand, will result in more immediate effects that last five to 10 minutes. The cocaine high can make you feel really good, giving you feelings of pleasure, confidence, and energy beyond what you would normally experience. But this high is typically immediately followed by a crash that can cause anxiety and tension, depression, agitation, and exhaustion. Its this quick cycle that makes cocaine so addictive.   Immediately after cocaine use, you can expect the following physical effects to take place: Blood vessels constrictPupils dilateBody temperature risesBreathing gets fasterHeart rate and blood pressure increases You’ll also experience a euphoric high, which can last up to 30 minutes, and make you feel: HyperstimulatedInvincibleMentally alertMore talkativeAn increased sex driveA decreased need for sleep How Cocaine Affects Your Body How Long Does Cocaine Last? The half-life of cocaine is about one hour, which means it takes that long to eliminate half of the cocaine from the bloodstream. Cocaine itself is metabolized by enzymes in the liver and blood, and it happens so rapidly that it is not detectable in most screening tests. Those tests actually screen for benzoylecgonine, a metabolite of cocaine that is detectable in the body for a longer period of time than cocaine?.?? The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which cocaine can be picked up by various testing methods?.?? Blood Blood tests, which are typically done in a hospital setting, can detect cocaine in your blood for 12 hours after use and benzoylecgonine for 48 hours. Urine Urine drug screens for cocaine are very accurate in the detection of recent cocaine use because cross-reactivity between the screen and other non-cocaine substances is nearly nonexistent. As a result, it is the most common test used. A urine screening can detect cocaine metabolites for up to three days after use. In people who use cocaine heavily, however, detection times have even been reported for up to two weeks after use. Saliva A saliva test uses a special device to extract a sample of saliva from your mouth and deposit it directly into a tube. With these tests, cocaine metabolites can be detected for up to two days after use. Hair Cocaine metabolites can typically be detected in hair follicles for up to three months, however, the results may depend on where the hair sample is taken. Factors That Affect Detection Time It is very difficult to determine an exact detection window for  how long cocaine can stay in someones system. The length of time it remains in your body depends on many different factors, including body mass, metabolism, and hydration levels. Frequency and Potency The more cocaine you use per session, the longer the benzoylecgonine metabolite remains and can be detected, according to some studies.?? In addition to the volume and frequency, the purity level of the drug can also affect how quickly benzoylecgonine is eliminated from the body. Alcohol and Caffeine Consumption Alcohol can bind cocaine and impede its excretion.?? Similarly, caffeine can also impede the excretion of cocaine. Body Fat Benzoylecgonine can be stored in fatty tissue, so if you have higher levels of body fat, the drug can accumulate in that fatty tissue and stay in your system longer. Physical Activity Cocaine is excreted faster in people who are active and have a higher metabolic rate. Hydration If youre dehydrated, the drug may stay in your system longer. This is because water can speed up the excretion of cocaine metabolites.?? Snorting vs. Smoking vs. Injecting The method by which you take cocaineâ€"snorting, smoking, or injectingâ€"also influences detection time.  In general, the faster the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, the shorter the detection window. This means if you smoke or inject cocaine, it will leave the body faster than if you snort it. How to Get Cocaine Out of Your System Many websites claim that there are immediate ways to flush out your system after cocaine use, such as drinking lots of water, taking a detox pill, eliminating alcohol and caffeine, consuming fresh fruit high in antioxidants, and taking natural herbs. However, none of these claims have been substantiated under scientific conditions. The only reliable way to get cocaine out of your system is to stop use and allow your body time to metabolize and eliminate it. Symptoms of Overdose Using too much cocaine or taking a higher concentration of the drug can result in a condition known as cocaine intoxication, which can produce serious side effects and symptoms. Symptoms of cocaine intoxication can include?: Anxiety and agitationChest pain?? or pressureEnlarged pupilsFeeling of euphoriaIncreased heart rate?? and blood pressureSweatingTremors??ConfusionHyperactivity and muscle damage??Elevated body temperatureKidney damage??SeizuresStroke??Irregular heartbeatsSudden death With high doses of cocaine, psychosis?? and other signs of mental illness can occur. Some of these psychiatric systems can occur with any level of cocaine use. Overdoses can occur unexpectedly, even on the first use, and the risk of overdose can increase if cocaine is combined with other drugs or alcohol. Signs of overdose can include vomiting, tremors, and difficulty breathing. If you suspect someone has overdosed on cocaine, call 911 immediately. Getting Help If you are concerned about having too much cocaine in your system or testing positive for the drug, consider seeking help. For people who use cocaine regularly, a consistent and long-term solution is required,?? starting with naturally ridding the body of the substance (detoxing) and seeking counseling and medical therapy. If you use cocaine regularly, you may experience some withdrawal symptoms when you stop including mood changes, fatigue, sleep problems, and increased appetite. These symptoms can become more severe after heavy use. Obtaining treatment for mental health conditions such as depression is also highly recommended. Finally, joining a support group is more likely to decrease your chances of a relapse. Understanding Cocaine Addiction If youre unsure where to turn, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers an  anonymous online treatment locator, or you can call their National Helpline for a referral at 1-800-662-HELP (4357).

Are Cochlear Implants Threatening The Deaf Community

Are Cochlear Implants Threatening the Deaf Community? According to the Deaf Culture Centre, Deaf Culture is defined as the â€Å"heart of the Deaf community everywhere in the world. Language and culture are inseparable. They are intertwined and passed down through generations of Deaf people.† It is estimated that nearly 20 percent of Americans live with some form of hearing loss, yet deaf and hard of hearing society members remain oppressed by the mainstream culture (Callis). These people that identify with the deaf culture, use American Sign Language (ASL) to communicate. ASL is a combination of hand signs and facial expressions that are unique to the Deaf community. Deaf people view deafness as a blessing and a unique way to live life. They are very proud and prideful. In the Deaf culture, the decision of getting a cochlear implant has been controversial for many years. The National Institute on Deafness defines the cochlear implant as, â€Å"†¦ a small, complex elect ronic device that can help to provide a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard-of-hearing.† The cochlear implant was first introduced in 1979 and it is estimated that 324,000 implants have been implanted worldwide. The surgery is proven to work better when the child being implanted is young, preferably younger than five. It is ideal to implant a child before their language or speech has developed. The FDA has approved children as young as 12-months old to receive the cochlear implant. ToShow MoreRelatedEssay on Are Cochlear Implants a Threat to the Deaf Community? 1683 Words   |  7 Pagesdeafness, the invention of cochlear implants (CIs) now allows people who are severely hard of hearing or profoundly deaf to experience sound in a completely new way. This surgically implanted electronic device can provide a prosthetic substitute for hearing in deaf individuals. While everyone can agree this device has changed the way the world views deafness, o pinions differ on whether this change is for the better or for the worse. The argument over cochlear implants raises the question should

Evolution of Darwin and Christianity - 2002 Words

Evolution of Darwin and christianity Since time immemorial man has always questioned the origins of life and himself . The answer to that question as there are three alternatives , namely the creation , transformation , or evolutionary biology . The definition of biological evolution varies from studied biological aspects . Some definitions are common in biology books , among others : the evolution of living things is the changes experienced by living beings slowly over a long time and lowered , so that over time can form new species : evolution is the change in frequency genes in populations over time ; and adaptive evolution is the change in the character of the population from time to time . Evolution has been uniting all branches of†¦show more content†¦Opinion of some experts like Geoffroy ( 1829 ) , WC Wells ( 1813 ) , Grant ( 1826 ) , Freke ( 1851) , and Rafinisque ( 1836) . 1858 Darwin publishes On the Origin which contains two main theories are: 1 . Species living today are descended from other species that live in the past . 2 . Evolution occurs through natural selection . According to Darwin , the sole agent of the causes of evolution is natural selection . Natural selection is the process of preserving nature in favorable variations and ultimately Eliminating those that are injurious . In general , the responses of other experts on Darwins theory is : a. Challenged especially from religious groups , and which adopts the theory of creation ( Universal Creation ) . b . Got the defense of Darwinian among others , Joseph Hooker and Thomas Henry Huxley ( 1825-1895 ) . c . Criticism and enrichment of many experts , among others, Morgan ( 1915) , Fisher (1930 ) , Dobzhansky ( 1937) , Goldschmidt (1940 ) and Mayr (1942 ) . With the various developments in progress in the biological sciences , particularly genetics then subsequently enriched Darwin s Theory of Evolution . Natural selection no longer be the sole causative agent of evolution , but there are additional factors other causes , namely : mutation , gene flow , and genetic drift . Therefore the theory of evolution that we now called the Neo - Darwinian seirng or Modern Systhesis . In short , the process of evolution by natural selectionShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of The Creation Of Species1560 Words   |  7 PagesSeth Justus English 2 Mr. Johnson 2/16/15 Project Eagle Final Paper: Charles Darwin Charles Darwin has become Christianity’s greatest enemy with his theories of the creation of species and has caused people to turn their backs on faith and look to science to be their religion. The way in which Darwin describes the creation of species in The Origin of Species does not agree with how species are created in Christian teachings. 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Airline Demand Forecast Free Essays

string(50) " an elastic driver for airline demand generation\." STIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY ENAR TUNC, Orhan sIvrIkaya* Okan UNIVERSITY Title: ESTIMATION OF AIR TRAVEL DEMAND IN TURKEY Orhan Sivrikaya*(Candidate Phd. ), OKAN UNIVERSITY Tel: 0-532-4265392 Fax: [0-212-4652299] Email: osivrikaya@live. com Enar Tunc, Professor of Industrial Engineering, OKAN UNIVERSITY Keywords * Domestic Air Transportation, City Pair, Origin and Destination, Demand, Forecast, Gravity Model, Multivariate Regression and Detour Factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Demand Forecast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Total Page: 11 Abstract Accuracy in estimating airline market demand is a key element while an airline is planning its short term or long term business plan regardless of its status quo being an incumbent or startup company. Turkish domestic market of air travel industry has been dramatically grown in recent years especially after the deregulation commencing on the renewal of air transportation policy in 2003. However there is not any relevant scientific research in the literature to analyze the determining factors on air travel demand of domestic city pairs in Turkey. A multivariate regression model is generated in order to fit the air travel demand in number of passengers carried. The model is based on aggregate individual market which consists of on-line city pairs. The model is found significantly representative within the experimental data out of the years 2008 and 2009 including the origin and destination pairs for 40 on-line cities. Then, the model is tested by using 2010 figures in order to compare prediction values with actual figures. Accuracy level is found to be encouraging for potential new airports or potential new routes to be evaluated by using the model estimates. . Introduction The deregulation of air transportation market in Turkey in 2003 has started revolutionary changes in the airline industry. New government having the target to increase the portion of air travel out of all modes of local transportation attempted to encourage more airline companies to enter the market and enable them to offer more attractive prices by tax cut ting specific to the airline sector. Price oriented competition has worked very well to generate significant airline passenger traffic. Low Cost Carriers have contributed to exercise a sustainable two digit growth by stealing passenger traffic from bus transportation as a result of shortening the gap between relative prices. Turkish Airlines as a legacy carrier has responded to structural changes in the market by applying dynamic pricing policy and growth strategy to benefit from economies of scale resulting in increase in productivity. Big changes in airline passenger traffic in Turkey create a challenge to testify any claiming model built to estimate air travel demand. Macroeconomic or demographic changes do not seem to be responsible for whole boost in air travel demand. Competition doubled or tripled available seat capacity on some routes so that it was required a different strategy to generate additional demand to achieve in satisfactory load factor which is a key performance indicator for airline profitability. Airline traffic is most of the time considered as a significant indicator for the performance of the nation’s entire industry since it is highly correlated with the number of business events and interactions with other industries simultaneously. So, it implies that changes in economies may influence airlines traffic indirectly. However, airline specific parameters like ticket price and degrees of competition are also supposed to be main driver for passenger demand besides the macroeconomic factors. The sustainable success of any organization or company is closely related with how well management or decision makers are able to foresee the future and develop appropriate strategies. The objective of this study is to examine the demand size for air transport in Turkey and show its implications for air transport planning. 2. BACKGROUND It has been seen throughout the results of the previous research in the iterature that one of the most important issue to develop a predictive model is to choose the right combination of the variables which represent the determining factors involved in the model. These variables are categorized by two subgroups (Carson et al. 2010): 1. Geo-economics Factors: which consist of geographical characteristics, economical activities, social factor etc. 2. Service Related Factors: which a re related to airline dependent factors. The other prominent aspect of model generation is the level of forecast which can be classified by two groups as well; 1. Microscopic Model: Airport specific or city pair specific data is involved such that it refers the total number of incoming and outgoing passengers per particular airport or per city pair. 2. Macroscopic Model: Region or country specific data is involved such that it refers to aggregated number of passengers in a region or country regardless of origin or destination city. Aggregate Individual Market (AIM) forecast outperforms the aggregate approach since the forecasting power gained by exploiting heterogeneous information across markets dominates the forecasting power lost due to estimation of many coefficients (Carson et al. 2010). Local area information appears to be more relevant in determining local Oamp;D travel than of national information such as gross domestic product (Bhadra 2003). ————————————————- 3. OVERVIEW OF THE determ? nants for air passenger demand ? n turkey Turkey is spread over a wide geographical area and road ways are not adequately constructed for all direction. Hence, air transportation is supposed to have more shares out of total statistics in domestic transportation covering all possible city pairs. While the gap between relative prices is being shortened, more and more people find it affordable to fly. This study is aiming to find out the determining factors which are concerned to turn potential demand into air travel passengers. The proposed model is not only to explain actual traffic results but also to estimate potential traffic between cross cities which are not connected directly or to evaluate off-line cities to build new airport. Population, gross domestic product per capita and employment rate are considered as the leading macroeconomic dynamics behind air travel demand as depicted in the Table 1. Average fare has a stimulating effect on airline demand as Brons et al. 2002) pointed out that ticket price is an elastic driver for airline demand generation. You read "Airline Demand Forecast" in category "Papers" There are also specific indicators for a particular city pair traffic representing interactivity between the concerning cities such as distance and number of migrants from each other. The number of bus registered in a city is indicating the volume of bus transportation which is considered to be negatively related with air travel demand. Since number of carriers as a degree of competition contributes to market expansion, it is also embedded in the model expecting a positive relation with air travel demand. Table 1 Commonality in Types of Variables Variable’s Name| Percentage of Occurrence*| GDP| 50. 0 %| GDP per Capita| 35. 7 %| Unemployment Rate| 14. 3 %| Fuel Price| 7. 1 %| Number of Employees| 7. 1 %| Population| 42. 8 %| Average Fare| 57. 1 %| CPI| 14. 3 %| Trade per Capita| 14. 3 %| Exchange Rate| 14. 3 %| Service Frequency| 28. 6 %| Distance| 42. 8 %| Expenditures| 7. 1 %| * The percentages are calculated out of a sample of 14 different relevant articles. Most of the itineraries between city pairs are not directly connected that means air passengers travel with connecting flights via one or more transfer points. If there is no direct service the dummy variable transit gets 1 and 0 otherwise. Naturally, passengers would not prefer to fly with connecting flights so it is anticipated to be negatively affecting air travel demand. 4. ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION data, Methodology and results Data availability is main issue when data coverage is decided. Experimental model is based on the data of the two years 2008 and 2009 since all explanatory variables are available within the specified period. There are 40 on-line destinations in domestic network in Turkey. This number of destinations can theoretically generate 1560 different origin and destinations (Oamp;D’s) on which direct or connecting flights are possible. However experimental sample does not cover data for all possible on-line Oamp;D’s because some city pairs which are at close distance are not meaningful to fly with connecting flights or the concerning flights are not connected each other. There are 231 city pairs which are served with direct flights, whereas the remaining city pairs are found to be flown by connecting flights via an appropriate domestic hub. Under the assumption of approximately the same number of Oamp;D’s for each year, data size will be duplicated for the two year’s period. Airport statistics for all scheduled carriers are used in the experimental model as a source of the dependent variable. Transfer traffic is removed from the statistics for each city pair, since the proposed model is to estimate pure Oamp;D passenger by using data specific to the corresponding city pairs. Average prices for each city pair are estimated by using airlines’ web site. Road distance between the cities is taken from the web site of the General Directorate Highways of Turkey. Population of the cities, GDP per capita of the cities, the number of migrants between the cities, the number of bus registered in the city’s account and labour rate of the cities are obtained from the Bureau of Statistics in Turkey. Weighted average of the corresponding city’s population is used, while GDP per capita and the labour rate are being converted to Oamp;D level. A variety of different models exist for passenger volume estimation. Since no single model guarantees accuracy, airlines in fact compare forecasts from several different models. Within this set of forecasting methods, the most demand models used are of the simple gravity type formulation. (S. C. Wirasinghe et al. 1998). The gravity model for the estimation of domestic passenger volume between city-pairs is examined in this study. By excluding unavailable service-related or market specific input variables, and using cross-sectional calibration data, the model is particularly applicable to city-pairs where no air service exists, historical data is unavailable, or factors describing the current service level of air transportation are not available. Average price for city-pairs with no air service is estimated by fall back mechanism that it uses the average price which is normalized by distance of the cities having similar market structure. All other explanatory variables are not service related factors and available for the city-pairs with no air service. The gravity model takes the form: D=?. AaBbCc†¦ This model assumes that the marginal effects of each variable on demand are not constant but depend on both the value of the variable and the values of all other variables in the demand function (Aderamo 2010). In other words, the explanatory variables affect demand in multiplicative manner. Partial derivation of any independent variable proves aforementioned relationship. However, this model can be made suitable for multiple regressions by applying logarithmic transformation. Logarithmic form of the gravity model takes the form: LogD=? 0 + ? 1LogA + ? 2LogB + ? 3LogC +†¦ where ? 0=Log? It is obvious that interdependency is resolved in this form so that multiple regression model can be applied. The proposed multiple regression model is generated by using SAS Jmp 9 tool. Table 2 shows the matrix of correlation between the independent variables. The results show that some of the variables are interrelated. For example, Log_Migrant has a correlation coefficient of 0. 8661 and 0. 8150 with Log_Pop* and Log_Bus* respectively. Where both Log_Migrant* and Log_Pop* are calculated by taking the product of population of origin and destination cities. However, omitting any of these two variables would substantially reduce the model fit. As the goal is to obtain a reliable estimation of the passenger volume, all interrelated variables were included (Grosche et al. 007). Furthermore, it has been said that if the sole purpose of regression analysis is prediction or forecasting, then multicollinearity is not a serious problem because the higher R2, the better prediction(R. C. Geary, 1963). In order to verify stepwise regression fit of the model, stepwise process by backward direction and minimum AICc selection is used. When all independent variables as depicted in Table 2 are entered, the smallest AICc value 2665. 913 is found. Adjusted R2 as shown in the Table 3 is 0. 823991 which is fairly good. In the Table 4, adjusted R2’s are compared including the relevant articles in the reference list. This comparison table shows that the studied model efficiency is relatively successful. As shown in the table 5, the F test also shows that the regression is significant since F statistic of 497. 2411 is obviously higher than the critical value of 2. 32 at 0. 01 level of significance. In the table 6, parameter estimates are depicted. As seen in the table, all independent variables are significant at 0. 01 level of two tail significance considering their t-statistics. Since the coefficients of the regression model represent elasticities of the corresponding variables, how change of any variable affects demand estimation can be determined. The price elasticity of passenger demand is approximately -1. 1 which implies that airline passenger demand in Turkey is elastic. This finding is compliant with the fact that after low cost carriers entered into the market by lowering ticket prices, market size has been tramendously enlarged. Domestic passenger traffic grows higher than the decreasing rate of ticket price. Both GDP per capita and ticket price seem to have elastic impact on passenger demand estimation. Air transportation and bus transportation seem to be competing each other because of their negative relation. When air service is provided by connecting flight which means transit traffic, air transport demand is decreasing. This result is not surprising because people do prefer to fly directly. Another result is that the number of airlines participating in each Oamp;D market tends to have a positive impact on the number of passengers traveled between Oamp;D pairs, perhaps representing the ffects of choice more than anything else. Lastly, distance and the number of migrants are found positively related with air transport demand as expected. Table 4 Model Efficiency Benchmark| Research Name| Level of Forecast| Author| Year| Independent Variables| Observation| Adjusted R Square| Demand For Air Transport In Nigeria| Aggregate| Adekunle J. Aderamo| 2010| Index of AgricultureIndex of Electrici tyGDP| 23| 0. 923| Air Travel Domestic Demand Model in Bangladesh| Aggregate| Md. Jobair Bin Alam Dewan Masud KArim| 1998| PopulationGDPDistance| 31| 0. 8| An Econometric Analysis of Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia| Aggregate| Seraj Y. Abed Abdullah O. Ba-FailSajjad M. Jasimuddin| 2001| PopulationTotal Expenditures| 25| 0. 959| Regression Model for Passenger Demand: A case study of Cairo Airport| Aggregate| Dr. Khaled A. Abbas| 2003| Population GDPForeign Tourist| 88| 0. 82| Demand for Airravel In USA| Oamp;D| Dipasis Bhadra| 2003| Density, Interaction, Distance, Marketshare, Fare| 2424| 0. 57| An Aggregate Demand Model in Hub-and-Spoke| Aggregate| Wenbin WeiMark Hansen| 2006| Frequency, Number of Spokes, Fare, Distance, Capacity, Traffic Type| 897| 0. 92| Gravity Model for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation| City-pairs| Tobias GroscheFranz RothlaufArmin Heinzl| 2007| DistancePopulationCatchment Area| 956| 0. 761| The number of migrants indicates the relationship between city-pai rs hence it positively affects on point to point air traffic demand. When distance is greater, air transport demand increases due to the fact that people get higher utility comparing to the alternative modes of transportation. In the figure 1, model fit of the experimental data is shown in scatter diagram. There are total 955 observations within experimental data. A test data is obtained from 2010 actual results which consists of 562 observations. The model predicts 2010 figures with a Mape (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value 14. 1 %. Actual data of 2010 is refined by excluding the Oamp;D’s having less than 104 yearly passengers flow and detour factors smaller than 3. Logic of this filtering is to choose meaningful connections out of the all itineraries. Although the model is performing significantly well with a relatively high Rsquare value, small discrepancy in prediction value may result in larger inaccuracy in passenger demand estimate because of logarithmic aspect of the regression. . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the proposed econometric estimation and using micro data based on local area information can result in substantial insights to Oamp;D travel. The demand model reveals all the quantitative relationships among the used variables, which is helpful for airlines to understand the consequence of change of their dec ision variables or adjustment of their routing structures, and also useful for the related authority to quantify the benefits of airport capacity expansion and to take into account while airport building plan is being evaluated. It would be advantageous to extend the time period covered by the analysis. This would enable to examine possible differences in elasticity amongst city-pairs. Extending the data back in time would also provide observations of airfares progress. The model efficiency may be improved for even more reliable estimation, if more independent variables indicating bilateral relations between city-pairs are embedded in the model such as the number of call between city-pairs or credit card statistics of domestic visitors. References S. C. Wirasinghe and A. S. Kumarage, An Aggregate Demand Model for Intercity Passenger Travel in Sri Lanka. Transportation 25: 77-98, 1998. R. C. Geary, Some Results about Relations between Stochastic Variables: A Discussion Document, Review of International Statistical Institute, Vol. 31, pp. 163-181, 1963. Richard T. Carson, Tolga Cenesizoglu and Roger Parker. Aggregate Demand for USA Commercial Air Travel. Department of Economics, University of California. 2010. Elton Fernandes and Ricardo Rodrigues Pacheco. Air Transportation Analysis: Passenger Demand in Brazil. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 33. Adakunle J. Aderamo. Demand for Air Transport in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 1 (1): 23-31 (2010). Md. Jobair Bin Alem and Dewan Masud Karim. Air Travel Demand Model For Domestic Air Transportation in Bangladesh. Journal of Civil Engineering The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh Vol. CE 26, No. 1, 1998. Seraj Y. Abed, Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Sajjad M. Jasimuddin. An Econometric Analysis of International Air Travel Demand in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transport Management 7 (2001) 143-148. Abdullah O. Ba-Fail and Seraj Y. Abed. The Determinants of Domestic Air Travel Demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Air Transportation World Wide Vol. 5, No. 2 – 2000. Abdullah Omer Ba-Fail. Applying Data Mining Techniques To Forecast Number of Airline Passengers In Saudi Arabia (Domestic and International Travels). Aviation Institute, University of Nabraska at Omaha, 2004. Senanu Ashiabor, Hojong Baik and Antonio Trani. Logit Models For Forecasting Nationwide Intercity Travel Demand in the USA. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2007, Washington, D. C. , pp. 1-12 2007. J. Scott Armstrong and Michael C. Grohman. A Comparative Study of Methods for Long-Range Market Forecasting. Management Science, 19 (2), pp. 211-221 1972. Khaled A. Abbas. Conceptual and Regression Models for Passenger Demand Prediction. Aerlines Magazine e-zine edition, issue 26 2003. Dipasis Bhadra. Demand for Air Travel in the United States: Bottom-up Econometric Estimation and Implications for Forecasts by Origin and Destination Pairs. Journal of Air Transportation Vol. 8, No. 2 – 2003. Radosav B. Jovanovic. Generalised Intrinsic Characteristics as a Forecasting Tool: A dynamic perpective. Second International Conference on Research in Air Transportation – Belgrade, June 24–28 2006. Martijn Brons, Eric Pels, Peter Nijkamp and Piet Rietveld. Price Elasticities of Demand for Passenger Air Travel. Journal of Air Transport Management 8 pp. 65-175 2002. Dail Umamil Asri and Yoriyasu Sugie. Simultaneous Demand Model for Passenger Travel. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 4, October, 2003. Joyce Dargay and Mark Hanly. The Determinants of the Demand for International Air Travel to and from UK. ESRC Transport Studies Unit, Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, November 2001. Catherine Zhukovskaya. Use of the Generalized Linear Model in Forecasting the Air Passengers’ Conveyances from EU Countries. Computer Modelling and Technologies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 62–72, 2007. Wenbin Wei and Mark Hansen. An Aggregate Demand Model for Air Passenger Traffic in the Hub and Spoke Network. Transportation Research Part A 40 pp. 841–851, 2006. Matthew G. Karlaftis. Demand Forecasting in Regional Airports. Straer 7 pp. 100-111, Tr. 312, 2008. Tobias Grosche, Franz Rothlauf and Armin Heinzl. Gravity Models for Airline Passenger Volume Estimation. Journal of Air Transport Management 13 pp. 175-183, 2007. Chaug-Ing Hsu and Su-Miao Liu. Predicting City-Pair Air Passenger Traffic Using Grey Topological Forecasting Model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, October, 2003. How to cite Airline Demand Forecast, Papers

Thesis for health disparities free essay sample

Disparities in Mental Health Care with Regards to Racial and Ethnic Cofactors There are many significant differences among racial and ethnic groups pertaining to mental health and mental health services. Via this topic, disparities among racial and ethnic groups have arisen and been studied and researched in magnitude. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups can be attributed, but not limited to: access to health care, quality of care received, and the cost variances of mental health services among differing racial and ethnic groups. Research and data statistics have been obtained that focus on the underlying factors contributing to the disparities of each of these key points. Access to health care, quality of care, and cost variances among ethnicities will be discussed in depth independently. Laterally, emphasis will also been placed on preventative measures that may be implemented in order to lessen the gap in mental health care outcomes between different socioeconomic groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis for health disparities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Mental Health Services. Through ample studies and research, it has been concluded that there are indeed significant differences in mental health services among racial and ethnic groups. But where do the variances originate? Many factors influence the disparities of racial and ethnic mental health care, and equality can be significantly obscured from the very beginning of the spectrum. Cook, McGuire, and Miranda (2007) conducted a study based on the Institute of Medicine definition of racial-ethnic disparities. Data was obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. Trends in data were examined over 2000-2001 and 2003-2004 and compared respectively. One point of interest in this study was the measurements of any mental health visit made by African Americans, Hispanics, and white Americans over these two specific trend periods. These data revealed a descending trend in the mental health care access amongst African-American-white and Hispanic-white populations over the studied time periods. It can be inferred that the overall mental health system provides less care/access of care to minority African-Americans and Hispanics than it offers to whites. An additional study by Howell (2008) examined disparities in treatment seeking among ethnicities, more specifically emphasizing the differences in youth in rural and urban areas. The research in this particular study signifies that there are marginal differences in the receipt of mental health care among racial minority groups and their counterparts. Hispanic and black children proved to receive less mental health services than their white youth counterparts in urban areas. Further, the disparity is parallel in Hispanic children in rural areas. It is suggested by this study that the recognition of disparities among minority youth is essential to correcting the issue. Howell proposes that parents, teachers, and other community members should implicate methods to push for equalization of mental health services in both rural and urban areas. According to Solway, Estes, Goldberg, and Berry (2010), access of mental health treatment is directly related to factors other than simply incompetency or lack of uniformity across the health services spectrum. This study takes a look at racial and ethnic disparities in a group of older, racially diverse adults and their relative mental health accessibility. In the compiled list of explanations for accessibility, Solway et al. (2010) state that for some older generations in various ethnicities, accessibility is an option. The older people of some ethnic groups view mental health detriments as a norm that comes along with old age. Due to the â€Å"normality† of mental degeneration and aging, they look to family members for support and rely on traditions such as home remedies and osteopathic-type therapies as opposed to seeking professional treatment and prescribed medication. Because some ethnicities’ elderly populations use this tactic, there is lower demand for mental health professionals, thus a smaller supply. This article describes accessibility of mental care as an â€Å"option† rather than a deficit of adequate mental health care providers. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Utilization of Mental Health Care One of the key factors that contribute to the disparities of mental health care among racial and ethnic groups is the differing percentages within populations that actually seek and utilize mental health services with respect to each group. Furthermore, there are specific motives that cause an individual or group of individuals to seek mental health treatment or, alternatively, decide against it. Shim, Compton, Rust, Druss, and Kaslow (2009) constructed a study that observed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Their findings accentuated the decisions of racial and ethnic groups on whether or not to seek mental health care based on attitudes and perspectives of mental care. The study compared minority groups to non-Hispanic whites and the rates at which each group sought treatment. Shim et al. (2009) proved that race-ethnicity was a contributing factor to attitudes towards seeking mental treatment. It was concluded that African-Americans, Hispanics, and Latinos had a more positive attitude and greater willingness towards seeking mental health services, and therefore obtained a greater amount of care with respect to non-Hispanic whites. Coinciding, the same minority groups had lesser reported embarrassment of seeking treatment. Alvidrez, Shumway, Morazes, and Boccellari (2011) provide results of a study they conducted explicitly on females seeking mental treatment following sexual assault victimization. The study examined a sample group of 104 women of white, black, Latin, or other ethnicities that had been sexually assaulted. The focus was turned to women who pursued mental health treatment (offered free of charge) after they had been a victim of sexual assault. The conclusions of this research draw to the fact that even though all ethnic groups sampled were equal in terms of needing mental health attention after such a tragic event, black women were less likely to follow up their assault with mental care than white women. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment and Quality of Mental Health Care Two key areas thus far have been the general foci of racial disparities in mental illness treatment; accessibility and utilization. Perhaps the subject matter that contributes to the most substantial differences in mental health services among race is the actual treatment itself; the inconsistencies in quality of care by the provider. Data obtained from the National Comorbidity Survey from 1990-2003 exposes greater disparities in mental health care quality pertaining to ethnic minority groups relative to whites (Ault-Brutus, 2012). A large part of these said disparities can be paid due to bias. Bias is pinpointed to be the main source of detriment in areas such as questionable diagnostic practices and limited provisions of optimum treatments. A particular article written by Snowden (2003) describes bias in health care, the different levels it is derived from; practitioners, practice networks, and communities, and how it negatively effects certain ethnic groups. He claims that one possibility for the intrusion of bias into mental health care services occurs when â€Å"†¦practitioners and mental health program administrators make unwarranted judgments about people on the basis of race or ethnicity. In a strict sense, it is these unwarranted views, reactions to a person ‘on the basis of perceived membership in a single human category, ignoring other category memberships and other personal attributes,’ that constitute bias†. Further elaborating on this view, McGuire and Miranda (2008) say that if a mental health practitioner exhibits some bias towards an individual of a certain ethnicity they impose discriminatory actions by exerting less effort in diagnosis and treatment. Their inappropriate expectations lead to inappropriate decisions and actions. Ault-Brutus (2012) suggests that more specified programs and policies should be implemented in order to increase mental health care quality among individuals from racial-ethnic minorities. Conclusion: Preventative Measures to Eliminate Disparities among Races and Ethnicities in Mental Health Care It is apparent that there are several underlying factors contributing to the disparities in mental health care among differing racial-ethnic groups. Accessibility to mental health care can attribute to the varying levels of health care received between minority and majority groups. The utilization or perceived usefulness of mental health treatment can also contribute to higher or lower levels of mental health care. Where some ethnic groups see it necessary that mental help be easily attainable, others see it as a trivial service to their own home remedies, traditions, and family support systems. Lastly, and arguably the most significant factor in racial disparities, quality of care administered to patients of different ethnicities can skew the equality substantially. So how do we go about lessening the gap between health services received by minority groups versus majority groups? One way is to make sure that the physicians administering professional treatment are aware of the present disparities and that they are making a conscious effort to eliminate negative attitudes geared towards any one racial or ethnic group when performing treatment. In a study by Mallinger and Lambert (2010), 374 random psychiatrists were pulled for observation and questioning on this particular topic. Most of the studied psychiatrists stated that they were either completely unaware or hardly familiar with the topic of mental health care disparities among racial groups. Other tactics of closing the gap between racial and ethnic groups in regards to mental health care could be to implement plans that target minority groups and publicize the issue of inequality in health services to minority groups. A standard could be set and monitored by government ran agencies that equalize mental health services across the board. Peng (2009) suggests that â€Å"†¦interventions in the form of, for example, policies to eliminate institutional forms of discrimination, to improve economic conditions for poverty or low income groups or, at the local level, to build community capital within minority neighborhoods with the aim of fostering health† are some starting points for creating equality among mental health care in all ethnicities. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups are an obvious concern that can negatively affect many groups across the map. It should be the role of the community to take preventative action to impose equality in health care for all.

What are You Doing to Prepare for College Applications

What are You Doing to Prepare for College Applications CC image courtesy of V-LUX 4 on pxhere. Are you are heading toward your senior year of high school? If so, do you want to be totally stressed out as admissions deadlines approach, or would you rather get some work done ahead of time to make things easier three months from now? Summer is the best time to prepare for college applications. Your senior year will be busy. You will probably be visiting college campuses, formulating your list of schools and taking   SAT subject tests, in addition to balancing your regular plate of schoolwork and activities. So it’s important to do anything you can do for your college applications now. If you want to avoid last minute panic, follow these suggestions and get a jump start on your college applications: 1. Prepare for college applications by reading and contemplating the Common Application Questions for 2018-19. Here they are: 2018-2019 Common Application Essay Prompts Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. The lessons we take from  obstacles we encounter  can be fundamental to later success. Recount a time when you faced a  challenge, setback, or failure.  How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience? Reflect on a time when you  questioned  or challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your  thinking? What  was the outcome? Describe a problem youve solved or a problem youd like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution. Discuss an accomplishment, event, or  realization  that  sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others. Describe a topic, idea, or concept you find so engaging that it makes you lose all track of time. Why does it captivate you? What or who do you turn to when you want to learn more? Share an essay on any topic of your choice. It can be one youve already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design. 2. Take notes. If you are having essay-worthy experiences this summer, don’t trust that your memory will recall all the details of those experiences. Write them down!! Trust me, it will make the essay writing process SO much easier than it would be with just your memory to rely on. 3. Reflect. If you’re not engaged in some interesting activities and adventures this summer, do some self-reflection and find something to jump into. It doesn’t have to be glamorous – you could get a job in a bakery or video store and make an essay out of it. A great essay is more about who you are and how you experience your life than about the actual things you do. 4. Start gathering Letters of Recommendation. If you haven’t already, ask your teachers NOW for letters of recommendation. They will appreciate having the extra time to think and write. See my article High School Seniors: Start Now on Your Letters of Recommendation (LORs)! 5. Write an essay draft. It doesn’t have to be perfect. Just get something down on paper. It will get your ideas flowing and take off some of the pressure you might otherwise experience in the fall. 6. Talk to your parents and friends about your ideas. And if you do write an essay draft, share it with others. They might have insights into your experiences and growth that you don’t have. After all, you only have one brain and it can only recognize so much about itself! 7. Download the Common Application Form. You can prepare for college applications by filling out all the generic information you can (name, address, etc.). Get those details out of the way so they don’t clutter your brain and you can focus on writing your essays. Follow these six suggestions and you will have much more peace and brain space so you can focus on your other senior year activities – and you’ll have more FUN too!! Stuck on what to write for your college essay or personal statement? The Essay Expert can help! We offer both flat rate and hourly  College Admissions Services.

Geoff the Pedantic Elf A Christmas Proofreading Story

Geoff the Pedantic Elf A Christmas Proofreading Story Geoff the Pedantic Elf: A Christmas Proofreading Story ‘Twas the day after Christmas, when all through the house, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse. This suited Santa Clause just fine. It had been a busy festive period, after all, culminating in his customary, physics-defying journey around the world to deliver gifts to all the good boys and girls (he delegated the naughty list these days for efficiency). The fact he uses such an old-fashioned mode of transport makes it even more impressive. Now, though, his work completed, Santa was enjoying a well-earned sit down in his office. He was just pouring himself a celebratory brandy, in fact, when someone knocked on the door. â€Å"Come in!† called Santa to the knocker. The door opened a crack. Geoff, Santa’s top admin elf, sidled in nervously. â€Å"Can I help you, young man?† asked Santa, chuckling to himself (he knew well that Geoff was 974 years old, which is fairly venerable even for an elf). â€Å"It was a good idea of yours to automate the Christmas list system this year,† he added, encouragingly. Are those even real glasses, Geoff? â€Å"Umm, thats actually what  I need to talk about,† said Geoff, avoiding eye contact with his boss. â€Å"We’ve had a few complaints.† â€Å"Complaints?† bellowed Santa, leaping to his feet and towering over the elf. â€Å"From whom?† Geoff cowered, but managed a response: â€Å"Parents!† he squeaked, â€Å"It seems that there might have been some typos in the Christmas list!† â€Å"Typos? Like what?† Santa grumbled, reaching for his tablet computer and opening the Good Boys and Girls app that Geoff had developed to handle the Christmas list this year. The head elf watched Santa struggle with the device for a few minutes, then gently took it off him and navigated to the â€Å"User Feedback† section. â€Å"Here,† he said, â€Å"This one is from a mother who says you crept into her little girl’s room and performed neural surgery on her in the middle of the night.† Not something youd want to wake up to. Santa sniffed defensively. â€Å"Yes, well? The list clearly said that she wanted a ‘boy brain’.† â€Å"It did,† agreed Geoff, â€Å"But it should have said ‘toy train’.† Santa’s face, usually so ruddy, suddenly turned pale. â€Å"Oh. Well. I can see why she might be upset. I thought that sounded like a strange request.† He paused. â€Å"Was there anything else?† â€Å"Quite a few, actually,† replied Geoff. â€Å"There was a boy in Arkansas who wanted a puppy.† â€Å"What did we deliver?† asked Santa with palpable trepidation. â€Å"A yuppy, apparently. â€Å"The kid’s dad says the boy freaked out when he found a businessman sat at the end of his bed, sipping coffee and working on a laptop.† Hes cute, sure, but is he puppy cute? â€Å"I can imagine,† said Santa, slumping back into his seat. Santa’s brow furrowed as he squinted at the tablet screen. â€Å"Is that even how you spell ‘yuppie’?† â€Å"It’s a variant spelling,† explained Geoff, shrugging. â€Å"That’s what you get when you hire temps to do the data entry work, I guess.† â€Å"So, then, what do we do now?† Santa asked, looking to the elf for help. â€Å"First of all, we need to get back out there and, ahem, make some corrections,† the elf suggested. â€Å"And then, before we get started on next year, we should probably hire a proofreader.† â€Å"Good idea,† muttered Santa, before taking a deep gulp of brandy. MERRY CHRISTMAS, EVERYONE! Remember to proofread your letters to Santa next year!(Photo: Jonathan G Meath/wikimedia)

The Value of a Vanilla Bond Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Value of a Vanilla Bond - Coursework Example Between the two companies it has been observed that Microsoft Corp. has the highest credit rating in the country. Due to the volatility of Aon’s operations and lower credit ratings, interest rates are higher, which makes the investment in Microsoft Corp. safer than that in Aon Corp, from an investor’s point of view. The Value of a Vanilla Bond A vanilla bond is a bond that has no underlying features, a fixed rate is implied and the bond is redeemable in full on maturity. In this paper, the vanilla bonds of two companies will be focused on to determine why the price of one company’s bonds differs from the price of the bond of the other company. The companies that are being focused for this paper are Microsoft Corp. and Aon Corp. According to the financial results reported by Microsoft Corp and Aon Corp. the companies had a total of $11.9 billion and $2.9 billion outstanding in debt. This debt component comprised of different loan notes, each with a varying range o f maturity dates, out of them only the loan notes that fulfill the criteria of vanilla bonds will be considered for this paper. To calculate the present value of these bonds, each lone note will have to be dealt with separately. The list of the amount of these loans, their coupon rates, price and their maturity dates is mentioned below, and on its basis the present value of each note will be calculated. ... October 2020 1,000 3.000% 105.7 941.85 2.27 February 2021 500 4.000% --- 459.79 --- June 2039 750 5.200% 122.0 612.653 3.88 October 2040 1,000 4.500% 113.6 835.607 3.73 February 2041 1,000 5.300% --- 805.150 --- TOTAL 10,750 10,043.51 AON CORP: Maturity Date Face Value ($ Millions) Standard Coupon Rate Price Present value ($ Million) yield to maturity September 2015 600 3.50% 105.0 589.609 2.07 September 2020 600 5.00% 112.1 570.808 3.37 September 2040 300 6.25% 124.8 248.854 4.67 TOTAL 1,500 1,409.271 As it can be seen, the bonds held by Aon Corp are generating higher yield to maturity than the bonds held by Microsoft Corp. Even though the time till maturity of the two companies is same for some bonds, still Aon Corp is charged with a higher rate of interest than Microsoft Corp. For the bonds that will mature till the years 2015, 2020 and 2040, the respective yields to maturity for Microsoft and Aon Corp. are 0.64, 2.27 & 3.73 and 2.07, 3.37 & 4.67 respectively. Thus it is obvious t hat the bonds issued to Aon Corp are receiving a better price than that of Microsoft Corp. According to Standard and Poor’s Rating Services and Moody’s Investor Service Inc. the Microsoft Corporate credit rating is AAA and Aaa respectively, whereas that of Aon Corp is BBB+ with a stable outlook and Baa2 with a negative outlook respectively. The increase in Microsoft’s credit ratings ensures lower borrowing costs and easy access to financial options for the company. Microsoft was assigned top rating right after the company made public a $ 2 billion commercial paper program and according to S&P only five U.S non-financial companies hold AAA rating according to their standards (Linnane, 2008). The commercial paper of Microsoft Corp is rated A-1+ by Standard & Poor and P-1 by moody’s.

Marketing plan ( market the city of toronto) Assignment

Marketing plan ( market the city of toronto) - Assignment Example This has the effect of improving on their revenue base. At the same time, companies want to gain global recognition. In essence, this is something, which is rather beneficial when it comes to business (Crouch, 2011). Various cities use different approaches in the course of their marketing. It is imperative to note that the method, which is to be used, is largely dependent on the expansive market. The financial outlay is something, which will influence the methods of advertising and marketing. The first thing, which is rather noteworthy, is to gain an understanding of these international markets. Thorough analysis has to be undertaken before the firm can even think of venturing into these markets. A feasibility study regarding the success of the business has to be done. This is particularly pertinent, as it will serve to point out whether the business will stand a chance of success in the new market. This is as opposed to going blindly into these markets without prior knowledge (Pepal l et al. 2005). The city, which is in perspective, in this case is Toronto. Toronto is a city, which is considered to be rather tech-savvy. At the same time, it is also considered as one of the best cities in North America when it comes to jobs that are related to Information technology. The environment in the city is one, which has attracted several major global firms. These firms have set up offices in the city. These include Xerox and General Motors just to mention a few. These developments put Toronto at a rather significant place when it comes to the developments that are attributed to jobs and employment opportunities. The city is also very flexible in the sense that it easily adapts to the changes that are happening in the world and picking up the latest trends that come by. One of the things, which seem to be rather influential in attracting people into the city, is to do with the good reputation, which the country has on a global platform. It is worth noting that people wil l always want to associate themselves with desirable things. The name and reputation of the city is already established. For this reason, the main thing, which should be focused on, is the development of the industries and institutions, which are existent in the city. For example, the educational institutions ought to be developed and marketed even more. This is because they are the primary institutions, which serve to attract foreign individuals into the city. The museums and art centers that are in the city are also important for attracting tourists into the city. The infrastructure which is in the city is significant and is in a position to support the number of people who might flock the city from foreign countries (Bunting & Filion, 2000). The other issue, which comes into perspective aside from the place, is the price. This price is in relation to the cost of living and that to do with other elements within the city. On average, the cost of living in the city is rather encoura ging (Lee & Lovekin, 2009). This is something, which is even pointed out by the average wage rate in the city. This is in the region of $24 per hour. There is quite a significant stability when looking at the economic condition in Toronto when comparing it to other major cities. The instances of price fluctuations are at a minimal. There is a significant promotion of the city and its associated elements. This is

Effect of Female Principals Management Styles on Teachers Job satisfaction in Isfahan- Iran, Girls High Schools :: Education, Educational Systems, Nurturing

Nowadays, Education has changed and developed fundamentally due to cultural, social and political changes. Education is under intense scrutiny by public and private interests who question the systems ability to fulfill its goals of teaching basic skills, instilling values, preventing dropouts, and producing a productive workforce. Such an incredible responsibility requires high committed to fulfilling the high expectations .Nurturing and educating the new generation have assigned to educational systems. Today, educational administration means: leadership, directing, reform and change. Therefore, achievement to high level goal of education in each society, demand renovation and reorganization and new thinking in management of educational systems (Allahabad, 2004). Educational Administration either in supervision and monitoring of financial and official affairs, in education or others that involving directly with development and implementation of educational program , have responsibil ity and tasks in achievement of essential objectives of educational administration as named facilitating teaching-learning process. Schools must give more attention to teacher job satisfaction because it may promote efficiency and staff satisfaction. One of the important factors in improvement of psychological and spiritual energy for staff in the organization is promotion of job satisfaction in teachers. In fact, job satisfaction is a kind of emotional and affective coping with job and its conditions which it consists of two components: cognitive and behavioral. The cognitive aspect is indicator for staff believes about their job conditions and behavioral aspect means individuals trends to their job. Cognitive aspect has more validity than other behavioral aspects due to further relationship with individuals' attitudes. A successful education system is dependent upon a high quality teaching staff. In order to develop this high quality teaching staff, one must look at factors associated with teacher quality and retention. One of these factors is teacher job satisfaction. Job satisfaction can be defined as an ove rall feeling about ones job or career in terms of specifies, i.e. compensation, autonomy, coworkers; administration. Job satisfaction has been studied for many years. Happock (1935) was one of the first researchers to study job satisfaction. He found that workers were more satisfied with a supervisor who was understanding and helpful (as in cited, Bass, 1990). Frederick Herzberg (1959), psychologist and researcher studied job satisfaction because he believed higher satisfaction led to higher productivity, decreased absenteeism, and better working relations. He found that positive feeling about work, a sense of personal worth, and a sense of personal fulfillment were related to achievement and responsibility (Wetherell,2002).

My Toy Essay

1. What are the special days celebrated in your country? There are many special days celebrated in my country. Such as Tet holiday, beginning from January the first on the Lunar Calendar National holiday, Septemper the second Independence day, April 30th 2. Which is your favourite and why? I like Tet holiday the most because I can meet my cosins, relatives, friends who live far away. People get together to eat, drink, and entertain themselves . I also receive â€Å"lucky money† in red envelopes. Besides, I take part in many traditional customs with my family such as cooking sticky rice cake, playing tug of war, going to pagoda to wish good things for my family. And I can hang out with my friends and don’t worry about anything. 3. What do you think is the most important festival in your country? Tet holiday is the most important festival for Vietnamese people. It’s the start of a new year and the Vietnamese feel that having a good start is essential to having a good year.These are funny and happy days that people prepare and welcome the new year together. In addition, it is a wonderful occasion for Vietnamese families to reunite and remember their ancestors. 4. In what way do people celebrate the festival? Most people start to clean and decorate their houses from top to bottom a week or two before the Lunar New Year . It is a common belief that cleaning the house will get rid of bad fortunes associated with the old year. Some people paint their houses to start a new year with lucky things and decorate with festive items . Besides, people are also busy shopping to buy new clothes for themselves, and their children a month prior to the New Year. 5. Do people prepare any special food for the occasions? Food plays a major role in the Tet holiday. Some typical Tet’s foods are sweets, coconut jam, fruit candies, melon seeds, stew pork with eggs, and especially sticky rice cake. Tet meals are usually bigger and more delicious than our daily ones. 6. Which do people prefer to spend with family or with friends? Usually people prefer to spend time with their family because Tet holiday is the time for family and indeed the only time of the year when the whole family gather together 7. How did people celebrate the festival in the  past? In the past, one or two days before Tet, every family prepares and cooks Banh Chung around a warm fire. It is also the time for parents to tell their children folklore stories. Nowadays, families which live in villages still maitain making Banh Chung before New Years but the people in the city do not. They don’t have time and prefer to buy it. Besides, many families also light firecrackers and fireworks to celebrate, but now this custom has changed because it is illegal in our country. 8. How has the way been changed and why? Nowadays , firecrackers are illegal in our country. So this tradition has changed. Some people even prefer to take a holiday instead of going back to their parents’s home to spend Tet holiday. And, some rich of families, aren’t excited to buy clothes for the New Year because they buy their all year around. And, some traditional food such as sticky rice cakes are often bought as a department store in the supermaket, maket instead of being cook at home because they are quite busy with their work, even they have no time to clean and decorate their house.

A Study Of African History - 1384 Words

Many people think slavery happened after a group of explores from Portuguese started ring the coast of West Africa, but little do they know African Americans were trading themselves way before then. Portuguese explorer Prince Henry, known as the navigator, was the first European to methodically explore Africa and the oceanic to the Indies.[1] Many Europeans thought that Africa s history was not important. They argued that Africans were inferior to Europeans and they used this to help justify slavery. However, the reality was very different. A study of African history shows that Africa was by no means inferior to Europe. As you can see below, the people who suffered the most from the transatlantic slave trade were civilized, organised and technologically advanced peoples, long before the arrival of European slavers, trying to suggest they were backward peoples.[2] A major advance was the introduction of the caravel in the mid-15th century, a small ship able to sail windward more than any other in Europe at the time. Evolved from fishing ships designs, they were the first that could leave the coastal cabotage navigation and sail safely on the open. For celestial navigation the Portuguese used the Ephemerides, which experienced a remarkable diffusion in the 15th century. They were astronomical charts plotting the location of the stars over a distinct period of time. These charts revolutionized navigation, allowing to calculating latitude. Using the caravel,Show MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And African American Studies844 Words   |  4 Pageseducation that would shed light on African Americans. 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